The Lanval By Marie De France - 1549 Words

The Breton lai â€Å"Lanval†, written by Marie de France in the twelfth century, is a short romantic poem focused on a foreign knight, Lanval, and his life after meeting a faerie lover. The poem is set in the time of King Arthur, at a place named Carduel—a city in the along the borders of Arthur’s kingdom, Logres. In â€Å"Lanval† failure is a negative situation brought upon oneself by their inability to maintain their virtue, thus success in the Middle Ages was heavily influenced by loyalty and integrity. Within â€Å"Lanval†, failure always ensues after a character breaks a promise or lies to another person, whether doing so is intentional or not. When this situation occurs, the characters are not directly considered failures by others, but instead failure arises from the circumstances of their situation. This can be seen when Lanval simultaneously breaks his promise and insults the Queen: I alone love A lady who’d win the prize Over all women I’ve known of And I’ll tell you this, without disguise Just because you need to know Her serving maids, a poor or low One, even, the poorest in her train, Is better than you are, Lady Queen: In beauty of body and of face, In goodness and in well-bred grace. (Marie 294-303) Not only does this outburst cause Lanval to lose his lover, but now, he must also prove to King Arthur that he did not insult his honor by demeaning the Queen during his fit of rage. If Lanval had not acted this way, he still could have been a successful knight, yet theShow MoreRelatedLanval Vs Marie De France991 Words   |  4 PagesThe Qur’an and Marie de France agree on the importance of leading a good life. Islamic beliefs, as stated in the Qur’an, argue that the good life is found by believing in the one God, following him and the Qur’an, and by doing good works. However, Marie de France thinks that the good life is achieved by following true love. Although they have different views of the good life, their writings agree that living the good life should be pursued. Marie de France is concerned with living the good lifeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Lanval By Marie De France1273 Words   |  6 PagesIn Marie De France’s poem â€Å"Lanval†, the knight Lanval faces immense cultural pressure to get married and have a male heir, as it is the norm in King Arthur’s kingdom. It may appear that â€Å"Lanval† is supporting the concept of the institution of marriage, as the story had a heavy focus on marriage, and the court nearly punished Lanval for rejecting Guinevere. On the surface, the poem could easily mislead the reader to believe this is the case, but without further analysis, the reader may miss the courtingRead MoreSummary Of The Twelfth Century By Marie De France s Lanval1524 Words   |  7 Pagesman has to save the day or else he is not a man. In Marie de France’s Lanval, written in the twelfth century, the witty lai satirically challenges the stereotypical roles of women. Evidently, every story does no t contend male dominance. Also the other characters do not live up to their expectations either; falling short of their glory. The women in the story are given important roles, and gender roles and position roles are interchanged. Lanval portrays the best man in King Arthur’s court, possessingRead MoreMarie De France Composed A Works Of The French Aquitanian And Champagnian Troubadours1404 Words   |  6 Pagespopular amongst the literature of the aristocracy, writers such as, Andreas Capellanus wrote of the stages and rules of courtly love. Inspired by this movement in the culture and literature of court, the poet Marie de France composed a collection of romantic lays. In the â€Å"Breton Lays†, Marie presents her narratives as a guide for courtly lovers. For, each lay exhibits the problems, consequences, and rewards that can occur if a lady or knight does/or does not follow the three principles of fin amourRead More Romantic Love in Marie de France’s Poem, Lanval Essay655 Words   |  3 PagesRomantic Love in Marie de France’s Poem, Lanval In her poem Lanval, Marie de France shares a fantasy with her readers, telling the tale of a mysterious woman who journeys from a distant land to be with Lanval, a dishonored knight of King Arthurs Round Table. Maries portrayal sets Lanvals mistress apart from the maidens and ladies in waiting at King Arthurs court, as she eclipses even Queen Guenever. Much like an editor of a modern womans fashion magazine, Marie targets her audience ofRead MoreEssay on Lanval and Yonec1687 Words   |  7 Pagesa certain motif of the story, or symbolize the author’s or society’s mindset. The representation of the body becomes significant for the story. In the representation of their body in the works of Marie de France’s lais â€Å"Lanval† and â€Å"Yonec,† the body is represented in opposing views. In â€Å"Lanval,† France clearly emphasizes the pure beauty of the body and the power the ideal beauty holds, which Lanval’s Fairy Queen portrays. In Fr ance’s â€Å"Yonec,† she diverts the reader’s attention from the image of theRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature during the medieval period is where magic and the supernatural are constantly present: in otherworldly encounters such as when the knight Lanval meets the lady who becomes his love, in the strange adventures experienced by knights on quests as Sir Gawain does, and in mystical objects such as the green girdle given to Sir Gawain by Lady Bertilak. Without the magic and otherworldly circumstances that exist in these stories, none of them would have been interesting and they probably wouldn’tRead MoreCourtly And Secular Love Analysis1159 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, love has been portrayed in numerous perspectives ranging from physical to emotional love. Literary works from various backgrounds provide distinctive interpretations of love. Marie de France along with medieval lyric poets tou ch upon topics revolving around love and spiritual affection. The pieces provide different treatments on courtly and secular love, illustrating the comparison between the physical and emotional aspect as well. Courtly love draws from the characteristics ofRead MoreAnne De France : The Tradition Of Chivalry, Use Of Power, And The Art Of Courtly Love1484 Words   |  6 Pageswere at least three principle concepts that were guidelines for writers: the tradition of chivalry, use of power, and the art of courtly love. In her lais, or lyrical narrative, Marie de France uses all three of them, but not exactly in the traditional sense that men of her time favored. Through her writings, Marie de France has shown great focus on members of the aristocracy that were not as prominently acknowledged, which included both women and single knights, and portrayed characters that she observedRead MoreAspects Of The Arthurian Romance In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1335 Words   |  6 Pagesthe mor al authority as well as it explicated the social order which left a lot to be desired of the position of feminism in the society. Marie de France perhaps the only female write of her time has quite a number of Arthurian tales to her name up to including Equitan, Le Fresne, Bisclavret, Larval, Yonec, Laustic, Chaitivel and Chevrefoil. Her two works, Lanval and Cheverefoil, which elicit the position of feminism when juxtaposed with Sir Gawain and the green knight, transform the perception of

Bio-cosmetics in the 20th Century The Response to the Revolution Free Essays

In this rapidly-changing environment, one has to keep phase with the developments in the patterns of consumer purchasing behavior, currently of varying degrees and categories, especially if one is in the field of marketing. The tastes and preferences of the consumers, which we also aptly call as the market demand, is what fuels marketing.   The capacity of a company or a firm to determine early-on the demand of the market of responsibility is of an advantage. We will write a custom essay sample on Bio-cosmetics in the 20th Century: The Response to the Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now    At the same time, meeting this specific demand will complete the formula to success; otherwise, the extensive marketing research will all be put to waste. Change is everything especially when the universe entered the stage of globalization, where markets across regions face issues of product customization or adaptations according to the needs of the target segments.   Exploring further unto this topic will be the main core of this paper which will particularly tackle the status and the progress made by the Bio-cosmetics industry in the 20th century, and how the market has reacted or is reacting to it. The subject of discussion will delve into the evolution of this trade or field of commerce and what has been the efforts conducted by the involved companies in strengthening their core competencies for survival and competitiveness. As previously mentioned, the behavior of the target market will be analyzed thoroughly in this paper by demonstrating the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the factors at play.   In so doing, it is aimed that the stability of the bio-cosmetics industry be determined and that the prospects for future possible ventures be identified.   This consumer behavior study will enable the marketers to garner feedback on this side of the cosmetics industry and leverage on the potential of the business, vis-à  -vis the key market segments with strong demand for the bio-cosmetics line of products and services. Theory and Practices of Negotiation Definition When you hear the word negotiation, what comes first to mind?   Negotiation is almost always an everyday transaction being dealt with by each and every one of us.   Indeed, how often do you negotiate – often, seldom, or never? Everything in life is negotiated, under all conditions, at all times: from asking your parents to bring you to the shopping malls to take out the morning garbage to driving in the express lane in rush-hour traffic, from determining what time to schedule an appointment with a client to deciding which tv show to watch with your family—to some extent, every facet of life is linked with one’s using of negotiation. Negotiation occurs â€Å"whenever people exchange ideas with the intention of changing relationships or whenever they confer for agreement.†Ã‚   Another definition expanding slightly the above meaning of negotiation is to note that â€Å"negotiation is conducted neither to widen nor to breach the relationship, but to form a new or different configuration.†Ã‚  Ã‚   In short, most of us are constantly involved in negotiations to one degree or another for a good part of any given day. Negotiation should be considered as a positive way of structuring the communication process. It is usually more than helpful in one’s work environment and in closing deals with new clients or prospects.   Win-win negotiation skills are assets to a company especially if you will be in-charge of marketing new and pioneer products to the market. Effective negotiation helps you to resolve situations where what you want conflicts with what someone else wants. The aim of win-win negotiation is to find a solution that is acceptable to both parties, and leaves both parties feeling that they’ve won, in some way, after the event. Preparing for a successful negotiation†¦ Depending on the scale of the disagreement, some preparation may be appropriate for conducting a successful negotiation.   For small disagreements, excessive preparation can be counter-productive because it takes time that is better used elsewhere. It can also be seen as manipulative because, just as it strengthens your position, it can weaken the other person’s. However, if you need to resolve a major disagreement, and then make sure you prepare thoroughly. Using our free worksheet, think through the following points before you start negotiating: Goals: what do you want to get out of the negotiation? What do you think the other person wants? Trades: What do you and the other person have that you can trade? What do you each have that the other wants? What are you each comfortable giving away? Alternatives: if you don’t reach agreement with the other person, what alternatives do you have? Are these good or bad? How much does it matter if you do not reach agreement? Does failure to reach an agreement cut you out of future opportunities? And what alternatives might the other person have? Relationships: what is the history of the relationship? Could or should this history impact the negotiation? Will there be any hidden issues that may influence the negotiation? How will you handle these? Expected outcomes: what outcome will people be expecting from this negotiation? What has the outcome been in the past, and what precedents have been set? The consequences: what are the consequences for you of winning or losing this negotiation? What are the consequences for the other person? Power: who has what power in the relationship? Who controls resources? Who stands to lose the most if agreement isn’t reached? What power does the other person have to deliver what you hope for? Possible solutions: based on all of the considerations, what possible compromises might there be? Negotiating successfully†¦ The negotiation itself is a careful exploration of your position and the other person’s position, with the goal of finding a mutually acceptable compromise that gives you both as much of what you want as possible. People’s positions are rarely as fundamentally opposed as they may initially appear – the other person may have very different goals from the ones you expect! In an ideal situation, you will find that the other person wants what you are prepared to trade, and that you are prepared to give what the other person wants. If this is not the case and one person must give way, then it is fair for this person to try to negotiate some form of compensation for doing so – the scale of this compensation will often depend on the many of the factors we discussed above. Ultimately, both sides should feel comfortable with the final solution if the agreement is to be considered win-win. Only consider win-lose negotiation if you don’t need to have an ongoing relationship with the other party as, having lost, they are unlikely to want to work with you again. Equally, you should expect that if they need to fulfill some part of a deal in which you have â€Å"won,† they may be uncooperative and legalistic about the way they do this. Facets of Negotiation Negotiation is a peaceable procedure for reconciling, and/or compromising known differences. It is the antithesis of force and violence. A negotiation will be fruitful or completely meaningless, depending upon the existence of two essential elements. There are other less important elements, but two are absolutely essential – Good faith and flexibility.   Both must be present on both sides of the table—one without the other on either side is a fatal defect. Good faith and flexibility cover many facets. By good faith is meant an honest desire to reach agreement on the differences which exist through compromise and a realization that the agreement thus reached should be fair and reasonable for both sides, if the agreement is to endure.   A negotiation must not be viewed as an adversary proceeding, such as a case in court, where one party wins and the other loses. The existence or non-existence of good faith is sometimes difficult to determine with assurance, but there will come a time when a good negotiator will be able to tell if this essential element is missing.   The second essential element of flexibility is the heart of a negotiation. In every negotiation it must be assumed—unless you are dealing with juveniles—that your opposite numbers will always table maximum positions first. Equally important, it must be assumed—unless you are dealing with fools—that your opposite numbers have not disclosed their minimum positions in any manner. The challenge to the able negotiator, therefore, is to start with the tabled maximum positions and by skillfully using all of the tools in his kit, reach the essence or basic minimum positions upon which an agreement can and should be concluded. If a negotiator is unable to obtain any concessions whatsoever from the tabled positions, then either the element of flexibility is missing or the negotiator is inept, in which event you find yourself with no negotiation at all. As in the case of good faith, it may be difficult and time consuming to convince yourself that what you are facing is a set of non-negotiable demands, but here again a good negotiator will see the handwriting on the wall and eventually realize just the situation he is in.   The crucial and delicate decision to be made by the negotiator is—are his opponents still negotiating for advantage or is their position truly flexible, as it appears to be? Thus, it is somewhat naà ¯ve to take the position that you will not negotiate on known differences until the other side has given assurances, satisfactory to you, and prior to the negotiations, that the negotiable positions are such that an agreement can be reached. If the negotiator eventually concludes that these essential elements do not exist, he must proceed to make the record clear for all to see and suspend the so-called negotiations, in a manner which unmistakably places the onus on the non-negotiating party. Processes of Negotiation In simplest terms, negotiation is a discussion between two or more disputants who are trying to work out a solution to their problem.   Negotiations typically take place because the parties wish to create something new that neither could do on his or her own, or to resolve a problem or dispute between them.   The parties acknowledge that there is some conflict of interest between them and think they can use some form of influence to get a better deal, rather than simply taking what the other side will voluntarily give them. How to cite Bio-cosmetics in the 20th Century: The Response to the Revolution, Papers

Clytemnestra S Role In Agamemnon Essay Research free essay sample

Clytemnestra S Role In Agamemnon. Essay, Research Paper Clytemnestra s function in Agamemnon. Agamemnon is a great Grecian calamity drama. It s a narrative of the Trojan War, which lasted for 10 old ages and greatly influenced the hereafter. As true for any war, non merely the work forces took portion in it. Most of the adult females were someway involved but each one from a different facet of the war. Each adult female brought her ain alone position. Troy adult females such as Andromache, Briseis, Cassandra, Creusa and more got to see the war first-hand. Others like Clytemnestra, Deidameia, Laodamia, and Penelope waited in distant lands for the war to stop, and some adult females took a more active stance in the war by exerting blades and contending. Penthesilea and the Amazons were the two adult females who participated in conflict. The Trojan War turned lives upside down and created a huge array of myths. The Trojan War affected many adult females. None were affected more than Clytemnestra. Clytemnestra was the girl of Tyndareus and Leda and hence was Helen # 8217 ; s half sister. Her male parent betrothed her to Tantalus while she was still a virgin. Because Tantalus was the boy of Thyestes who was the male monarch of Mycenae, Clytemnestra automatically became a queen. Soon after their matrimony she gave birth to a boy, named Tantalus. After the birth of their kid, Tantalus and his neonate were killed by Agamemnon who besides obtained Clytemnestra as belongings from the adult male whom he merely defeated. This was the first existent large calamity in Clytemnestra s life caused by Agamemnon. After the decease of her boy and hubby she saw Agamemnon go male monarch. She had three kids with Agamemnon, Iphigenia, Electra and Orestes. When the war began, Agamemnon sacrificed Iphinia to Artemis so he could travel to contend at Troy. After the forfeit of her girl, Clytemnestra was devastated and was ferocious with her hubby s determination. While Agamemnon was contending at Troy, Aegithus wooed Clytemnestra who succumbed to his progresss. Harmonizing to the myth, she was destined to be an fornicatress from her childhood. When her male parent neglected a really of import forfeit to Aphrodite before in his life, she placed a expletive on their household and said that all of his girls would be fornicatresss. Clytemnestra bore Aegisthus a girl, Erigone. She was still infuriated with Agamemnon for giving her girl and began to compose programs to seek to kill him. When Agamemnon returned place with his freshly won award Cassandra, Clytemnestra and Aegisthus murdered them both. Some believe that Agamemnon was killed because he brought over Cassandra as a courtesan but I believe that the slaying was planned before the information that Agamemnon was conveying anyone back. Their offense did non travel unpunished. When Agamemnon s boy Orestes reached maturity, he returned and killed both, his female parent and her lover. Clytemnestra begged for her life but to no help, she was murdered in the same manner she murdered her hubby. I think that she played a immense portion in the drama. He actions caused many deceases and much more grief to people across the land. She murdered a male monarch in her hubby, a wholly guiltless adult female who she thought was being brought as a courtesan in Cassandra and paid with her life for her actions. She is in many respects a sympathetic character, but her entanglement contaminations the righteousness of her offense with Aegisthus. Even so, it is clear that Agamemnon’s decease had to be avenged. Clytemnestra is a extremely controversial character in mythology. While it is true that she committed criminal conversation, which can be blamed on Aphrodite # 8217 ; s expletive. It is besides true that she killed her hubby, though that, excessively, can be blamed on the fact Agamemnon killed her girl with Tantalus and sacrificed their girl so he could travel fight in the war. He besides brought back with Cassandra who was to be his courtesan. It is harder to accommodate Clytemnestra # 8217 ; s blessing of the program to slay her boy, Orestes, because she had protested the forfeit of Iphigenia so vehemently, but I think that she knew that he would come after her to revenge his male parent s decease. Some people say that in all respects Clytemnestra was a victim, non merely of her insensitive hubby and her scheming lover, but besides her ain hurt amour propre and self-pride. As the drama goes on the chorus and other characters see her in really negative footings and in my sentiment her actions do non turn out them incorrect. Even though she says that she is killing Agamemnon because he killed her girl and gave another one off to travel to war, she is burying that she besides murdered a wholly guiltless adult female in Cassandra. Even if Cassandra was non murdered so her actions could hold been more justified. By first killing Clytemnestra # 8217 ; s and Tantalus girl Agamemnon should of known that there would be retaliation from either Tantalus household or from his married woman. Nothing in Greek mythology goes unpunished, particularly non slay. Clytemnestra should hold realized that when be aftering to kill one of the most powerful work forces in the land. Its understandably how disquieted she was by the decease of her girl and how much she wanted to pay back Agamemnon but I don t think that slaying him and his kept woman was the right solution. All s he did with her actions is dug her ain grave and caused great heartache to a batch of people all across the land. This is one of the earliest instances where a really celebrated stating of Two wrongs do non do a right is really true. Another manner to seek to warrant her actions is her engagement with Aegisthus. While be aftering for the slaying of her hubby Clytemnestra said that one of the grounds she was making it, was because he was conveying place a kept woman. I think that she is burying that she had done something merely as bad. How can she anticipate to be forgiven for her cheating because of a expletive? I am a house truster in superstitious notion and in future relation but she blames all her problems on the expletive of Aphrodite. I think that this is a pathetic accusal to do. There were a batch of expletives in the drama, which did come true, but most of them were non by the pick of the individual. She was in entire control of the state of affairs and still made the pick to perpetrate criminal conversation. This pick would finally be her dearly. I think that most of the sentiments on Clytemnestra are right and she decidedly was at mistake for a batch of things in her life including her ain decease.

Recipe for Me free essay sample

â€Å"Today,† the theatre arts teacher began, â€Å"you will create a recipe for yourself, listing things about you in specific quantities as your ingredients, like ‘2 cups of smiles’ for example. At least five ingredients must be used, and you must list them on a poster that you’ll decorate, which you will present to the class. This ‘Recipe for Me’ project will help your classmates and me get to know you better and will allow you to work on your presentation skills. The project is due this Friday, but you have today and tomorrow to work on it in class. If you don’t finish, it becomes homework. So, begin!† she exclaimed to the class, full of twelve year olds who would soon spend the entire period trying to come up with the perfect five ingredient combinations that would accurately portray them; I was one of those twelve year olds. To this day, I still have trouble immediately answering the question, â€Å"What makes me, well, me? † Is it my curiosity? Stubbornness, perhaps? An excellent sense of humor? Or even intellectual oomph? Maybe it’s a little of everything under the sun? Well, just as the â€Å"Recipe for Me† project served to give my teacher and classmates a sense of who I was, this essay will give my readers a sense of who I am today. We will write a custom essay sample on Recipe for Me or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page My parents came to America from Vietnam during the war, had to leave their home to start life anew in a country whose language they could barely understand. The academic success that they achieved in Vietnam could open few doors for them in the U.S., but they know that it will be different for me, one who will probably never move to another country, much less another state. Because my doing well in school is so important to my parents, it is, in turn, important to me. I believe my desire to achieve academic success to have been inborn as well as the result of my parents’ encouragement. They’ve always expected me to do my best, and I’ve always been one to please them, perhaps rendering my academic success to be a self fulfilled prophecy. Well, self fulfilled prophecy or not, I do love to learn and have a strong work ethic, the latter of which I attribute to the determination and diligence my parents have put forth to give me the comfortable life that I have as w ell as the chance to go to a reputable university. I wish neither my parents’ efforts nor the opportunities that I am offered to go to waste, and knowing how important academic success is in this world, especially for an aspiring physician, I have vowed to always make the most of my educational opportunities, no matter where I may find them, be they in the forms of classroom experiences, internships, or even events in my daily life. Naturally, Rice would be no exception. Of course, with yin, one has to have yang. There definitely is a fun ¬ loving side to my personality, and that side makes an appearance when I’m with my friends. I work hard, and I deserve to play hard. Nonetheless, I am not the kind of girl who would enter a bar or a nightclub. My idea of pleasure is not comparable to a wildfire in the West but rather, the blue fire of a distant star. I would love to attend a musical or listen to a symphony orchestra after having dinner with friends on a Friday or Saturday night (I took piano lessons as a child and have loved music ever since). To eat with friends is, in my opinion, one of the greatest pleasures that life can offer; I have never been one to resist a stimulating conversation and contagious laughter over a delicious meal. Furthermore, I have a passion and knack for writing poetry, which has been a hobby of mine since middle school, and in college, I do see myself still churning out poems, which I hope to offer to its literar y magazines. Perhaps that poem might be a Dante esque piece in terza rima, written one spring morning while sitting underneath a large oak or perhaps a free verse poem during an autumn evening†¦.O, the possibilities! While my pleasures are simple and could possibly belong to another century, I do find them quite satisfying, as I hope to find my college years†¦. A longing to learn a little of everything, two cups†¦the strength to succeed, one pound†¦a liking for laughter, a dash†¦a fondness for friends, three tablespoons†¦a penchant for poetry, a pinch†¦and a love of life, one quart†¦.With such ingredients, this â€Å"Recipe for Me† would give you a fun loving, hard working, liberal arts education seeking seventeen year old, a girl who certainly has a different blend of qualities to offer to Rice, a place that she would more than happily call her second home.

ERIN BROCKOVICH essays

ERIN BROCKOVICH essays ERIN BROCKOVICH The movie ERIN BROCKOVICH is like a modern day David vs. Goliath. . Directed by Steven Soderbergh and stared Julia Roberts is based on a true story about a large corporation deliberately poisoning an entire town with the chemical Hexavalent Chromium 6. Erin, a single mother of three, does a lot of investigation and finds some very incriminating documents, and almost single-handedly exposes the company. Its disturbing to think a company worth over 30 billion dollars with all the power and technology at their finger tips, could be so negligent. I dont know why they think they could have gotten away with it. . There was green dirt found all around the Pacific Gas water supply. Hexavalent Chromium 6 is a very toxic chemical because it oxidizing potential is high and is easily penetrates biological membranes. Repeated exposure to toxic levels can cause anything from liver, kidney and heart failure, respiratory disease, a ny type of cancer, bone and organ deterioration, and just as harmful to all the farm animals. The majority of electrical power plants use some form of Chromium in the water that cools engines to prevent rust and Order that the gas corrosion. The legal limit for Hexavalent Chromium 6 is .05 parts per millions, this green dirt tested at .58 parts per millions. Documents from a regional water quality control board states in a Cleanup and Abatement and electric company was ordered to cleanup and dispose of waste discharge of Hexavalent Chromium 6 to a safe hydrologic unit. That it has caused groundwater contamination, which extends over one mile from the gas and electric company. Statements from former employees reveals that the holding ponds at th...

ATM systems

ATM systems One of the most important part to designing the ATM usage is to make it as use r-centred as possible. According to Benyon, 2005, the PACT which is stand for People, Activities, Contexts, and Technologies as a useful framework for thinking about a design situation in relation to an interactive system. Performing a PACT analysis would be useful for both analysis and design activities, understanding the current situations, seeing where possible improvements can be made and envisioning future situations. The results of the PACT analysis are presented below. People The users groups for this technology include all people with bank accounts, especially UMS students, staff and lecturers. In the established user group, age and sex are not a factor. The technology does assume some previous knowledge and its functions could prove difficult for first time users. Most ATMs translate all signs and button into braille, making it usable by those without eyesight. This specific machine could create difficulties for those with disabilities because of the height of the keypad and its relatively flat orientation on the machine. People with children could also find the placement of the machine inconvenient, as its location is directly next to a main entrance. In addition, the machine have many language options, it is easier for users to use the machine. Activities Based on the study, the verification of banking details and the removal of money from ones account. The sub activities include inserting a credit card, entering ones pin number, selecting the amount desired, checking account balances and retrieving receipts. We observed the machine being used often, with one person using it every five minutes. It is important to this system works quickly, as it is meant to be a quick stop and there are often a line of people waiting to use the machine. Besides that, for security purposes, it is unsafe for a user s account information to stay up too long, as it could be target for theft. The machine is used by individuals, who must be aware of their surroundings, protect their pin number as they enter it. The ATM itself is designed so that important account information that might be printed on a receipt or shown on screen is obscured or not written out in full. If someone wrongfully inputs their pin number, for example, the transaction will be cancell ed and they will receive their card back. In some cases, a user could forget their card in the machine, which could result in theft if the card is taken immediately after the user leaves. Otherwise, the machine will retract the card and store it. Also, if a user somehow forgets to take their money, it could be stolen. The current machine performs the basic activities and sub activities well. It works quickly and efficiently to dispense users money. The functions, however, are very basic and only the simplest functions can be performed. The location and design of the machine do pose some security risks. The machine is also in a high-traffic area and is open on all sides. Contexts An ATM machine location could prove to be a significant factor in the ease of its use. If a machine is located outside, there is the potential for distraction if there is heavy rain, posing security risks. Also, bright sunlight could obscure the display, making it more difficult to use. ATM use tends to be in an open, public area, which goes against the general context and use of banking; it is generally considered to be a private activity. It could include a more private space for the machine. It should also be installed indoors if possible to reduce the potential for distraction and thus reduce security risks. The current system does not take privacy into account; the machine is located directly next to a main entrance. There are also bright lights that cause glare on the display, making it more difficult to read. Technologies The input mechanism in the form of a key pad and either a touch screen or buttons adjacent to options on screen are the easiest ways for users to input information, and is the setup of most ATMs. Banking options should be easily visible to users once their identity is verified by the machine. The key pad should be more obscured so that when users input information, privacy is not compromised. ATMs in general, are used by those standing up. However, this poses issues for those in wheelchairs and thus a design idea is to place an additional screen and keypad down lower for those with disabilities. In terms of output, we cannot see any flaws with the current use of a screen to display information. However, one innovation that could be helpful to users is to have receipts e-mailed to them instead of receiving paper receipts that tend to be discarded immediately. Communication is a big factor for ATMs, which need to be able to connect with banks to verify users, account balances, and so o n. The content central to this function is the account information being traded between user and machine, as well as between the machine and the banks. Based on the observation, the ATM does not have ideal key pad placement, possibly creating security concerns. Besides that, instructions about card insertion are unclear, the sign above the card slot says to insert the card with the numbers up, while the computer screen asks the user to insert the card with the magnetic strip up. The screen performs the necessary functions, and is convenient for most users, who use the machine standing up. It is not ideal, though, for those with disabilities as the key pad and card slot are a bit too high. The machine communicates with the banks quickly and easily, making money retrieval from this machine a rapid and simple task. As conclusion, in implementing a new ATM system, the current system employed by most machines is functional and effective. However, there are some concerns with its ease of use when it comes to those with disabilities; many are meant for users standing up, while those in wheelchairs would struggle with the horizontal orientation of the key pad and its height. Additionally, the placement of ATMs should be a key factor when implementing the system. Their ideal location is indoors where distractions like sunlight, weather and noise are mitigated. It is also important for users to have a sense of privacy or enclosure while they conduct their banking. The language a machine employs is also vital to its successful use; limited language capabilities make it difficult for a wide swath of the population to use the system.

Health care laws and how it affects working nurses Research Paper

Health care laws and how it affects working nurses - Research Paper Example Three types of laws govern the Public Health Law as previously discussed: Legislation, Regulations and Judicial Law. The legislative bodies of state, federal and local government, formulate the Legislative laws that have a considerable impact on the way nursing is practiced in the United States. Regulations are specific set of rules pertaining to individual while the legislation and Judicial law is based on the court’s and jury’s’ decision (Stanhope and Lancaster 124). Stanhope and Lancaster illustrate the impact of Regulations and the Judicial Law on nursing practice by stating that the state legislators will enact laws governing the board of nursing and will coin technical terms such as ‘licensed registered nurse’ and ‘nursing practice’, the board of nursing on the other hand will enforce the laws that will bring into existence a licensed registered nurse and recognized nursing practice procedures by stating all the requirements and pr erequisite (124). The writers express that in case of judicial law, courts take into consideration previous cases and give sentences in conformity with them except during the instances when the judge or the jury thinks that the old laws have become obsolete and a more valid form of it is needed. Everything that is done in a health agency has a basis in law and is subject to legal sanction of one type or another (qtd. in Maurer and Smith 124). This statement implies to health care workers and more particularly community oriented nursed since they have direct, face-to-face relationship with the patients. Rules and regulation in addition with those associated with the upheaval of the health industry; predominantly laws that pertain to the maintenance of discipline in the health sector and allotting punishment related to malpractice are applicable to nurses to a great extent. Nurses are regarded, as learned individuals with sound knowledge of the profession that they practice for their living, consumers are totally reliant on this particular knowledge for their treatment. If any patient is harmed in any way due to the nurses’ malpractice that according to a source Hall and Hall (2001) cited in Maurer and Smith (124), includes: Provision of unsafe environment, inadequate assessment, failure to follow physician’s order, erroneous medication and treatment, usage of defective technology and products, inadequate infection control and poor communication with the patient, the nurse would be held accountable for her actions and lawsuits can be filed against her. Nurses should be well aware of the laws and legislation pertaining to their legal practice of the state they are professionally working in, and should be well familiar also with any changes that might be introduced in the legislation of not just nursing but also in related professions such as those of medicine and pharmacy (Lancaster and Stanhope 125). These writer demonstrate the importance of inter disciplinary knowledge for the nursing profession by stating the example of a community oriented nurse who has reviewed the pharmacy act would be able to ascertain whether to question the right to dispense medication in the local family planning clinic or not. According to The Nurse Practice Act of New York, 1970 nursing is defined as: The practice of the profession of nursing†¦. is defined as diagnosing and treating human responses to actual or potential health problems through such services

How could leadership be effective Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

How could leadership be effective - Assignment Example The importance of communication cannot be avoided in cases when there is team work and multiple units involved in the progress and project. Lack of communication can cause havoc and failure of the entire project. The goals achievement was made possible through reliable, and in time communication. Delay in communication or slight miss communication can cause serious disturbances in the entire process and project. Communication is the back bone of any project and process. They can either halt the progress or initiate absolute progress and wonders in the project. The secret to success of any project is its level of communication. In this case the success can also be attributed to the good level of communication. Path and task clarity allowed providing clear direction. Implementing it enables practical demonstration of work that will work as an example and hence help the followers and team mostly achieving the objectives. Only knowing where to go ahead can lead us to destination, going a t random with no specific direction in might and sight leads the unit, the project and individuals nowhere. It is the utmost priority of the leader to ensure that the path is determined, and so are the members aware of the path. IN case of leader member exchange, productivity and creativity is highly probable since this theory and concept of work is loosely based on exchange of ideas between the top head, which is the leader himself and the members who work underneath the leader but for same purpose. Hence leader member exchange method was also of great use in the entire process. For the principle of leadership ethics, it is the element of morality introduction inside the working unit. This helps enabling the workers to work on pure professional lines, with utmost honesty and sincerity. Leaders lead by example in every discipline of the team and task, most important of them all is the ethical aspect. Ethical aspect fulfillment helps keeping the entire accounts and details in check a s well as ensuring good practices in the unit. Team leadership is a collective approach. Using this helps in many ways, firstly each of the member holds equal responsibility, if not equal at least some proportion of responsibility and answering at the end of the project and task. Transformational leadership involves incremental progress. Adopting it in an organization requires time because the leaders try to bring the best out of individuals in an ascending manner. †¢ Describe how your view of leadership evolved as a result: Leadership is a developmental process. No one can become a leader in a fortnight; instead these qualities creep into an individual with time. There is a concept of born leaders, however in modern times this trend and concept is slightly modified. With so many developmental processes, mechanical approaches and industrial frame works, there is always a need for nurturing, training and guiding. Leadership is a interesting journey and a challenge in its own. Be ing in the shoes of leader brings about many responsibilities with itself as well as perks and privileges. The sense of leading, followed by delivering the goals is one of those special feelings that an individual can experience. The entire process gave an insight into the concept of leadership and the personality of leader. Though not singly but leader is highly responsible for the success and failure of the project. A good leader can bring the project out of nowhere and make it a success, while an average leader or one

The Role of Alfred von Tirpitz in the Anglo- German Naval Race Essay Example for Free

The Role of Alfred von Tirpitz in the Anglo- German Naval Race Essay What role did Alfred von Tirpitz play in the Anglo-German naval race of World War I, 1890-1914? For almost a century historians have been arguing over the causes of the First World War. One of the factors regularly discussed is the Anglo-German naval race, which involved the competing construction of the British and German navies between 1897 and 1914. Much of the blame for the consequential building of navies has fallen on the shoulders of the German state secretary of the navy office, Alfred von Tirpitz. The purpose of this internal assessment is to find out what roll Tirpitz played in the Anglo-German naval race. I will research my investigation with some of the many books published about the origins of World War I, including some of Tirpitzs speeches, letters, and propaganda as well as other key figures of the naval race. The investigation will cover how Tirpitz financed the naval construction, his building strategy, and finally Tirpitzs naval laws. B Summary of evidence How Tirpitz financed the naval construction Tirpitzs entire building strategy relied heavily on his belief that he could build his great fleet without raising taxes or putting any burden on the budget.2 He planned to achieve this with an intensive propaganda campaign, supported by industry and many middle class people. Tirpitz, being an adroit politician and manipulator of men, successfully promoted the navy and created effective pressure groups, like the Flottenverein, whose views had to be taken seriously by the government.3 After a lengthy depression, German industry was looking for large investments that were continuous and predictable. To accomplish this, Tirpitz tried to establish constant yearly shipbuilding rates in order to keep factories operating at capacity. He could then argue in the Reichstag that German industry would suffer a crisis unless it got new ship orders.4 However, it was the Kaisers support that gave Tirpitz the freedom to spend a large portion of the budget on the navy.5 Tirpitzs naval building strategy Tirpitz insisted that he be able to implement a plan of steady expansion, where ships were to be built and maintained regardless of cost.6 His plan had three major components: risk theory, alliance value, and danger zone. Risk theory was the idea that the German navy would be strong enough that if Britain risked battle, Tirpitz believed, the defeat of a strong German fleet would so substantially weaken the enemy that, in spite of a victory he might have obtained, his own position in the world would no longer be secured by an adequate fleet.7 Thus, Britain would be willing to make diplomatic concessions rather than take the risk of a naval conflict. Therefore, Germany only had to build a navy in proportion to England, of about 2:3, or 5:8.8 Danger zone was the period of time when the German fleet was not yet strong enough to deter the British fleet, and might be destroyed in a preventative blow. This led Tirpitz to advise cautious diplomacy towards Britain until the fleet was ready.9 Finally, Alliance value was the notion that a strong fleet would make Germany an attractive ally for other rivals of Britain, and maybe even for the British themselves.10 Therefore, Tirpitz believed that the constant building of the navy was an important asset if Germany wanted to become a threat to Britain, and consequentially gain allies. Tirpitzs naval laws Tirpitz believed that only by building the navy by law would ensure continuous and consistent fleet building.11 In 1898 the first naval law was created, calling for the construction of nineteen battleships, eight armored cruisers, and twelve large and 30 small cruisers, all to be built within six years. Tirpitz took advantage of international situations, such as the impact of the Spanish-American War, sentiment against Britain for an incident during the Boer War, and the Boxer Rebellion in China, and introduced the second naval law in 1900. The law doubled the size of the projected navy to a total of, 38 battleships, 20 armored cruisers, and 38 light cruisers, all to be built within 20 years. This was a direct challenge to the British home fleet that had approximately 32 battleships.12 It also threatened Britain because since 1889 the British navy had been governed by a two-power standard, by which their navy had to be stronger than the combined fleets of the next two naval powers.13 The second naval law also threatened Britain because it did not set a cost limit, therefore Germany needed no new legislation to build dreadnoughts.14 Tirpitz again used international crises, like the Moroccan crisis and Britains stern response to Germany at Agadir, to pass supplementary German naval laws in 1906, 1908, and 1912.15 C Evaluation of sources Two of the sources used were: Ferguson, Niall. The Pity of War. New York: Basic Books, 1999. The English historian, Niall Ferguson, wrote this book in 1999, acquiring most of his knowledge from primary sources and other historians books. The purpose of the book is to inform readers of Fergusons argument, that the Great War was solely Englands fault, but at the same time, the book is meant to be controversial, and to sell copies. This is one of the main limitations of the book, that the author may have misconstrued some of the details in order to make England look guiltier, and thus sell more copies. In general the book is valuable because it is a secondary source written long after the actual events, so he was able to form an opinion after looking at all different types of information and viewpoints. On the other hand, it is limiting because it is not a primary source; he did not write the book during the event, therefore some of the information could be misconstrued. Terraine, John, ed. The Great War, 1914-1918. New York: The Macmillan Company, 1965. This book, written by John Terraine in 1965, gives an overview of the events leading up to and during World War One. The author argues, in the introduction, that it was the German militarism that made the war inevitable. The book is very valuable because instead of the author writing his opinion on the events, he informs readers using primary sources throughout the entire book to tell the story. This is valuable because it displays the events when they happened. On the other hand it is limited because it does not have the benefit of using historiography, and the documents could be misrepresentative. There are many photographs used that are also valuable because they capture moments in history in vivid detail, simulating a first-hand experience. However, they could be limiting because certain details could be excluded, which would affect the view of the event. D Analysis Importance of investigation in its historical context The Anglo-German naval race was a significant event that ruined any possible relationship between the two nations before the start of World War I. Although many historians, for instance Ferguson or Fay, do not attribute the naval race to causing the Great War, it is a consensus among historians that by Germany building up their navy and destroying any relationship with Britain, they were simply pushing England into an alliance with France.16 The Entente Cordial simply meant that if Germany was trying to start a war in order to gain more colonies, they had dragged another enemy into the war to fight with. The naval race also caused extreme financial difficulties for both nations, but more specifically, if Germany had given most of its naval funds to its army, it would have had a much greater chance of achieving a land victory in France.17 Analysis of the Evidence Tirpitzs acquired his fleet by using intense propaganda, and played off of international crises to acquire more money in order to implement naval laws. He had soon built a fleet that was in direct competition with Britain; however it was never clear what his objectives with the fleet were. Different historians have interpreted the intention of this fleet differently. Ferguson and Fay both argue that the fleet was intended to compete with the British navy in order to have the power over Britain to demand colonies.18 However, Scheck more so argues that the fleet was being built in order to attract any of Britains enemies as allies or even Britain as an ally. 19 It is obvious that with both opinions the navy was directed at Britain. This proves that Tirpitz was the aggressor in the Anglo-German naval race, and that he was building the navy to discourage Britain from any direct conflict, and thus would have a stronger voice that could make demands. In addition, the naval construction would attract allies, and be able to support Germany in the coming war. However, Tirpitzs plan may have contributed to various British proposals for limiting the navy, it did not intimidate them or cause them no make concessions. On the contrary, it created the atmosphere of suspicion and antagonism that would lead to a naval race.20 It is obvious that Germany was the aggressor in the naval race; however, many historians have debated over what event it was that triggered the Anglo-German naval race. Herrmann argues that it was Germanys persistent defiance of Britain over a period of time that set-off the naval race, but it was not one particular event.21 However Tucker argues that it was specifically Tirpitzs second naval law that initiated the naval race.22 The latter is a very valid point, since it was this law that put Tirpitzs fleet in direct competition with Britain. Beforehand, the British new that the Germans were beginning to put a navy together, but it did not concern them. Immediately after the passage of the law, the British began to feel pressure from Tirpitz, and responded by building their navy as well. Without Tirpitzs second naval bill, Britain would not have felt threatened, and therefore would have had no reason to enter a naval race. Tirpitz undeniably was a key player in the naval race. He pushed the propaganda, founded the Navy League, designed the naval construction strategy, drafted the naval laws, and most important, would not slow down the building process. However, historians have disputed how large a role Tirpitz played. Scheck and Tucker have put complete blame on Tirpitz, saying that he was the man manipulating the Kaiser, Reichstag and the German people, in order to support and fund his naval plan. 23 Contrary to this, Kennedy and Fay believe that Tirpitz and the Kaiser are equally to blame for the naval race.24 They argue that Tirpitz and the Kaiser were the two men who most supported the navy, and that it was the Kaisers support of Tirpitz that allowed him to get the funding and support necessary to construct his fleet. The former is a more accurate opinion since it was Tirpitz, and Tirpitz alone who designed the building strategy, and manipulated the government in order to raise funds. It was his aggressive policy that built up the German navy to the point where it posed a threat to Britain, giving them no choice but to retaliate through their own naval construction. E Conclusion Tirpitz is solely to blame for the Anglo-German naval race. As Scheck and Tucker have agreed, he was the man manipulating the Kaiser, Reichstag and the German people by using international crises to push propaganda, and implement naval bills. Tirpitzs naval strategy was directed at defeating Britain with his risk navy, in order to make available the necessary colonial property for the central European states which needed to expand.25 It was precisely Tirpitzs Second Naval Bill that competed directly with Britain, thus threatening her imperial position, forcing Britain to increase the rate of her own naval construction. If it were not for Tirpitzs aggressive naval policy, Germany and Britain would not have been thrown into a costly and dangerous naval race. It was made obvious that Tirpitz was solely to blame, when British War Minister Haldene attempted to negotiate a naval agreement, but Tirpitz made it clear he was opposed to any reductions, and negotiations failed.26 1 Peter Quennell, History Today, November 1968, 53. 2 James Joll, The Origins of the First World War (New York: Longman Group, 1984), 62. 3 Joll, 112. 4 Rafael Scheck, Alfred von Tirpitz and German Right-Wing Politics, 1914-1918 (Boston: Humanities Press, 1998), 3. 5 David Herrmann, The Arming of Europe and the Making of The First World War (Princeton: Princeton University Press, 1996), 162. 6 The European Powers in the First World War: An Encyclopedia, 1996 ed., s.v. Alfred von Tirpitz, by Spencer Tucker. 7 John Terraine, ed., The Great War, 1914-1918 (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1965), 226. 8 Sidney Fay, The Origins of the World War (New York: The Macmillan Company, 1930), 235. 9 Scheck, 6. 10 Scheck, 5. 11 Jonathan Steinberg, Yesterdays Deterrent (London: Macdonald and Co., 1965), 126. 12 Tucker, 688. 13 Joll, 63. 14 Scheck, 5. 15 Tucker, 688. 16 Niall Ferguson, The Pity of War (New York: Basic Books, 1999), 70; Fay, 39. 17 Tucker, 688. 18 Ferguson, 84; Fay, 235. 19 Scheck, 5. 20 Fay, 235. 21 Herrmann, 226. 22 Tucker, 688. 23 Scheck, 8; Tucker, 688. 24 Paul Kennedy, The Rise of the Anglo-German Antagonism: 1860-1914 (New Jersey: Unwin Ltd., 1980), 224; Fay, 243. 25 Fay, 235. 26 Joll, 65

Sensationalism - Sensation Novels of the Nineteenth Century Essay

Sensationalism - Sensation Novels of the Nineteenth Century The "sensation novels"  began to appear during the mid-to-late 1800's.   The term first used by W. M. Thackeray, in his own Cornhill Magazine, was in reference to "a particular literary or dramatic phenomenon."  Ã‚   Courtroom scenes, corpses, secrets, adultery, insanity and prostitution were all staples of the novel's plot that would offer the many unexpected twists and turns of the story.   The author's goal was to have the reader feel basic sensations-shock, disbelief, horror, suspense, sexual excitement, and fear.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   There are several reasons why sensation novels became so popular with Victorian society, and especially women, during this time period.   Urbanization and industrialization were changing the face of the countryside by creating more and more big cities.   This type of   novel was a welcomed escape from the emergence of industry and capitalism in England and America.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Even though the times were changing, women were still expected to be subservient to men.   They did not enjoy the freedom to vote or to own property.   Because it is the Victorian era, they are still expected to control their emotions in front of men and to be supportive at all times.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   As women started to shun this role, it was reflected in the sensation novel.   The female became a strong character in these books.  Ã‚   Female sexuality was used to show strength, rebelliousness and evil.   They were often portrayed as seductresses and villains who would be punished by the ending of the book.   Females were no longer the victim waiting to be rescued.   The sensation novel reversed male and female roles with the man many times being victimized.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   These novels with thei... ...the strong female characters, his name was associated with both the male and female groups of authors. Sources Law, Graham.   Serializing Fiction in the Victorian Press.   London:   Palgrave, 2000. Hughes, Winifred.   The Maniac in the Cellar.   New Jersey:   Princeton University Press, 1980. Miller, D.A.   The Novel and the Police.   Los Angeles:   University of California Press, 1988. Boyle, Thomas.   Black Swine in the Sewers of Hampstead.   New York:   Viking Penguin, 1989. James, Henry.   Notes and Reviews.   Cambridge:   Dunster House, 1921. Gaskell, Elizabeth.   Mary Barton.   Oxford:   Oxford University Press, 1987. Nineteenth-Century Literature Criticism, Vol. 80. Mansel, Henry. "Sensations Novels." Quarterly Review 113 (April 1863):   251-68.    Websites http://www.vanderbilt.edu/AnS/english/Clayton/318biblio.htm http://www.indiana.edu/~victoria/

Edmunds Corrugated Essay

1. Analyze the issues faced by Edmunds and describe what lead the company to this situation. Edmunds Corrugated Parts & Services are a company based in Virginia, U.S. owned by Larry Edmunds; who provided precision machine parts and service for the domestic corrugated box industry. About two years ago, Larry’s grandfather loaned him the money to start the business. It is Larry’s first factory; in a barn on what had been the family’s Shenandoah Valley farm. He operates from a 50,000 square-foot factory located near I-81 just a few miles from that old barn (Daft, R., 2010). However there are some issues that Edmunds has faced with the quarterly earnings. They simply were not as they had been in the past. Firstly, the company was capable of employing about one hundred employees who were mostly neighbors. They were as hard-working and loyal employees. However, many of employees were going to retire. The company was suffering from the issue of replacing the current employees. The other issue the company was holding market share at 75 percent but the market share lately has reduced significantly. It was due to the number of the companies that had appeared manufacturing the same product. This had made it possible for the company to diversify their production with products such as the more flexible plastic films and reusable plastic containers. The last issue faced by Edmunds is losing industries mainly in U.S. due to the consolidation that was done by the paper industry. Some industries that survived opening other branches oversea as joint ventures. This issue had bought Edmunds to the crossroads of what he should do to bring the company revenues back to where they used to be. 2. Create and describe a strategy for addressing the situation at hand. From the issues the company had faced; the competition was changing, external rules and regulations were changing, and suppliers were changing as well. The strategy that worked well in the past is no longer producing the results company would like. Therefore; the company demanded a strategy would make sure it will recover; by way of strategic management, it is efficient to ensure that the company is capable of returning back to the way of its business. The strategic management is the comprehensive collection of ongoing activities and processes that organizations use to systematically coordinate and align resources and actions with mission, vision and strategy throughout an organization (â€Å"Management Study Guide,† 2008). The requirements for an ongoing process in strategic management are environmental scanning, strategy formulation, strategy implementation and strategy evaluation. The first process of environmental scanning or situation analysis; refers to the process of amassing, studying and providing information for strategic proposes. It would help the company analyze the internal and external factors that impact an organization. The company can define strength and weakness; with these two, they can find future risk and opportunities as well (BE Business Education, 2011). This will show Edmunds the opportunities and threat; for example, the ones that had made most other companies go overseas. The second strategy formulation is the process of designing and selecting the most suitable course of action for the achievement of organization goals and objectives and thereby achieving the organization vision (Bushman, M., 2007). This strategy should ensure the company regains it competitive edge. The third strategy implementation implies making the strategy work as intended or putting the organization’s chosen strategy into action including developing steps, methods and procedures to execute the strategy (Bhasin, H., 2010). The company management should ensure that the implementation of the strategy is cost effective, not disruptive and acceptable by all stakeholders. The final process of strategic management is strategy evaluation. These activities are evaluating internal and external factors that are the root of current strategies, measuring performance, and corrective actions. These processes will give Edmunds some great opportunities; for an example, making quality goods can be used to ensure that they increase their market share and customers will be loyal to their service. 3. Assess which element in the strategy you just described would be the hardest to implement and explain why. The part that would be the most difficult state in strategic management is the strategy implementation. This is because it involves change. It will require the management to fit the resources, the competencies and the opportunities that the company has in the market. The support of employees and managers are needed in order to successfully implement a strategy. When people do not proactively make the changes that are needed to adapt to the strategy, this will be one of the large difficulties. Moreover, if there is no follow-up to the strategy implementation, this will be one of the largest difficulties. The strategy implementation is hard and risky if it does not well carry on. All the resources that have been put in place can be wasted if any hitch happens in the process. It may lead to complete closure of the company as well if they will waste their time. 4. Describe what strategies Edmunds could use in the future to reduce potential crises before they happen. There are different methods that Edmunds could use in the future to ensure that the company does not entangle in the potential crises. The first strategy that the company would use is development of research department that will be looking at innovation for the company to guarantee that it is at a competitive edge at all the time. The second strategy is the training to the employees. This will ensure that the employees have the upcoming technology skills and the productively level will increase as well. The last strategy is the employee recruitment. The company has to make sure the employees are ready and competitive; which means the employees are capable of rising upon all challenges. These will be good methods for the company to ensure that they will not complicate any of the crises that it is in today. References Daft, R.S. (2010). Management. 9th Ed. Mason, OH: Cengage Learning. Management Study Guide. (2012). Step in Strategy Formulation Process. Retrieve Feb. 8, 2013, from http://www.managementstudyguide.com/strategy-formulation-process.htm BE Business Education. (2011, September 6). Importance of Environment Scanning. Retrieved Feb. 8, 2013 from http://business.svtuition.org/2011/09/importance-of-environment-scanning.html Bushman, M. (2007, April 7). The Major Elements of the Strategic Management Process. Retrieved Feb. 10, 2013 from

Analysis of present environments Essay

Other factors that may be included in the analysis would be the presence of other alcoholic beverages in each market that may affect the sales of the possible expansion. We have to take into account that Scotch and wines do not comprise the whole market for alcoholic beverages. If the consumer preference would be as volatile as it poses to be, then the other beverage drinkers may switch from their present beverage to another. The scary part of the situation is, we could not determine as of now, if the possible expansion would gain or spell disaster for the company. Another factor to be considered is the indices in the market. This indices are the indicators whether the public would be able to squeeze the purchase of a whisky in their budget. This simply draws out the in demand products that would be dubbed â€Å"necessities† and the lesser needed products, known as the â€Å"luxuries. † The movement of the product from a luxury to a necessity spells success, but the other way around would be a bad sign for the expansion. Couple this factor with the volatility and the result would be a very risky market with high gains and disaster on the other end. The analysis of the present environments is important for a marketing strategy as this would help us understand the environments under the influence of, and that influences the countries in question. However, the factor of bias takes in, which usually has to be negated. The negation process would take place by as the objective part of judging by criteria, comprising half of the decision and the other half, the subjective decisions. First, before any analysis would be made, certain criteria would have to be in order for the comparisons. Considerable weights should be given to the consumer expectations and preferences (30 points), labeled A. This would help us determine the choices of the consumers that we are trying to serve. This weighs heavily since the consumers are directly related to the profits that the company would generate. Next in line would be the rate of acceptance of the market (30 points), labeled B. This is another heavy criterion since this would determine if the country is really suitable for the operations of the company in question. If the results would be heavily low, then we can conclude already that the company would not thrive in that specific country. This greatly helps in the subjective side of the judgment. Another criterion to be judged is the taxation in their country (20 points), labeled C. Taxation may not weigh as much but it weighs significantly at 20 points out of the 100 point total. This is because taxation affects the rate of the profit that a company generates. A higher taxation rate would then lower the chance that a company should invest in the specified country. And the last criteria to be considered would be the performance of the substitute (20 points), labeled D. These criterions would not only let us see the objective part of the problem by looking at the figures that the criteria would present. However, we have to bear in mind that the decision-making of this marketing strategy would depend not only in its objective part, but should also be considering the subjective part of the problem. Some problems cannot be explained by figures and leaves this part to the analytical and subjective mind of the decision-maker. Further statements from the analysis of the criteria would bear the interpretations of the scores. After which would be the ranking of the scores to determine which country scored the most points in achieving the goal of successful expansion for the company at hand. However, the final decision would lie after the subjective part of the theory. Country A B C D TOTAL RANK Denmark 30 25 20 15 90 1 N. Ireland 30 20 20 10 80 3 Austria 25 25 20 15 85 2 Spain 25 25 10 15 75 4 Points to Ponder:? Denmark’s score was due to the (1) good age distribution as the median of the age of males in the 15-64 bracket is just 38, stating a more diverse markets for the old and young drinkers. (Anonymous 2006f) (2) The market would suit the product just fine. In fact, the market in Denmark, in terms of the raw materials seem to give a very positive sign for Denmark as this could lead to further expansions (Anonymous 2006f)(3) The taxation does not bother this country as shown in here. Denmark seems to be comfortable not to be accommodated by the top four of the Union’s Top Four of Taxes. (Anonymous 2002) (4) Substitutes seem to be performing well, but not enough as the growing demand for Scotch whisky is trying to speed up the development of the local supplier of the product. These ratings have put Denmark in the No. 1 spot. ? Northern Ireland bags the second spot easily for a variety of reasons: (1) the lowest median mark was achieved by this country; with just a median of 33 years old, it generally means most of the male population are below the 40 year old mark, a good sign for the company. The company generally caters more to the male crowd, and the flavors of the Scotch whisky have a specific audience. More drinkers are also available for judgment since the younger drinkers are the ones who prefer the other flavors, unlike the older crowd. An example of this would be, many young drinker’s can be the target for the release of the Monreith Malt. Simultaneously, the market for The Torhousemuir Tawny, would also penetrate the older market, such of the 40 years and above since they still have a part of the market, although they may play the minor role in the profit margins. (2) Generally, this is neither good nor bad since the company can be seen as â€Å"one of the others† or â€Å"a new breed†. Either way, the public would remain in the middle of things, making it hard for the determination of the acceptance of the public The product originated in the same country, Another brand’s addition to the market may be viewed as a mediocre thing for the public. This people would really try your brand, just make a good offer in the initial release, sort of a bargain. (3) Tax problems have never plagued the country after the tax involved issues of before where Kings and Queens reign this land. Nowadays, it seemed like the people of Ireland have learned their lessons from the past events. (4)Market substitutes are on the loose, since this is the origin of Scotch whisky. Generally, substitutes would be of great numbers, which definitely pose a bad sign since your product can be swallowed by the market. ? Austria’s rates were affected by (a) since the people of Austria are known to be of good taste, then the consumer expectations would be high; knowing that The Olde Distillerie is from the country of United Kingdom, the country where the brewers of Scotland have originated (b) acceptance was marked as such since the country is sail to have taste in things that are not really rich in its flavor, but also in history. (c) Demography of the country shows a 40 year old median for the men in an evenly distributed country. This result shows an inclination in the stronger brew of the whisky since it says that the composition of men are said to have evenly distributed age, with older men winning the battle of numbers. Other products would have problems in their sales since the market would only focus on the older men market, since the median age was 40. Added costs for extra marketing strategies would be needed to gain the necessary profits needed by the company for the other products. (Anonymous 2006j) (d) Good taxation brings the country on the top four of the European Union (Anonymous 2002) This is a good sign for Austria as this is viewed as a country with less taxes, therefore, more profits. And this could also open doors to the export market, as this has been a very good opportunity for the company. ? The least attractive of the choices given, Spain does not provide any chance to defend itself due to the factors affecting its market. Some problems to the expansion there include: (1) The demographic distribution of the male population is not as diverse as that of Northern Ireland. (Anonymous 2006i) Although this may prove to be a positive sign, let us not forget the male’s sense of pride that they would not readily exchange the wine for a foreign drink, especially of a new brand in the market. (2) Market acceptance is not a problem as Spain is known to be one of the world’s top consumers of alcohol. However, acceptance may just remain to be accepted and not commended. (Anonymous 2006k)(3) Another issue: tax. Spain has been known to be a country brutal on its taxes in order for them to challenge the substitute market for their wine. As they increase the tax, they tend to lower the market consumption of the substitutes for wine, like scotch whisky (4) Lastly, scotch whisky’s only substitute here would be that of the gin, tequila, and beer. Wines are the primary products, making it look like Scotch whisky is really a substitute for the main product, wine.

Tlaxcallan - Mesoamerican Stronghold Against the Aztecs

Tlaxcallan - Mesoamerican Stronghold Against the Aztecs Tlaxcallan was a Late Postclassic period city-state, built beginning about 1250 AD on the tops and slopes of several hills on the east side of the Basin of Mexico near modern day Mexico City. It was the capital of a territory known as Tlaxcala, a relatively small polity (1,400 square kilometers or about 540 square miles), located in the northern portion of the Pueblo-Tlaxcala region of Mexico today. It was one of a few stubborn hold outs never conquered by the powerful Aztec Empire. It was so stubborn that Tlaxcallan sided with the Spanish and made the overthrow of the Aztec empire possible. A Dangerous Enemy The Texcalteca (as the people of Tlaxcala are called) shared technology, social forms and cultural elements of other Nahua groups, including the origin myth of Chichemec migrants settling central Mexico and the adoption of farming and culture of the Toltecs. But they viewed the Aztec Triple Alliance as a dangerous enemy, and fiercely resisted the placement of an imperial apparatus into their communities. By 1519, when the Spanish arrived, Tlaxcallan held an estimated 22,500-48,000 people in an area of just 4.5 square kilometers (1.3 square miles or 1100 acres), with a population density of about 50-107 per hectare and domestic and public architecture covering about 3 sq km (740 ac) of the site. The City Unlike most Mesoamerican capital cities of the era, there were no palaces or pyramids at Tlaxcallan, and only a relatively few and small temples. In a series of pedestrian surveys, Fargher et al. found 24 plazas dispersed around the city, ranging in size from 450 to 10,000 square metersup to about 2.5 acres in size. The plazas were designed for public use; some small low temples were created at the edges. None of the plazas seems to have played a central role in the life of the city. Each plaza was surrounded by terraces on top of which were built ordinary houses. Little evidence of social stratification is in evidence; the most labor-intensive construction in Tlaxcallan is that of the residential terraces: perhaps 50 kilometers (31 miles) of such terraces were made in the city. The main urban zone was divided into at least 20 neighborhoods, each focused on its own plaza; each one was likely administered and represented by an official. Although there is no governmental complex within the city, the site of Tizatlan, located about 1 km (.6 mi) outside of the city across unoccupied rugged terrain may have acted in that role. Governmental Center of Tizatlan Tizatlans public architecture is the same size as the Aztec king Nezahualcoyotls palace in Texcoco, but instead of the typical palace layout of small patios surrounded by large numbers of residential rooms, Tizatlan is made up of small rooms surrounded by a massive plaza. Scholars believe it functioned as a central place for the pre-conquest territory of Tlaxcala, serving as many as 162,000 to 250,000 persons dispersed throughout the state in about 200 small towns and villages. Tizatlan had no palace or residential occupation, and Fargher and colleagues argue that the location of the site outside of town, lacking residences and with little rooms and big plazas, is evidence that Tlaxcala functioned as an independent republic. The power in the region was placed in the hands of a ruling council rather than a hereditary monarch. Ethnohistoric reports suggest that a council of between 50-200 officials governed Tlaxcala. How Did They Maintain Independence? The Spanish conquistador Hernn Cortà ©s said the Texcalteca kept their independence because they lived in freedom: they had no ruler-centered government, and the society was egalitarian compared to much of the rest of Mesoamerica. And Fargher and associates think thats right. Tlaxcallan resisted incorporation into the Triple Alliance empire despite being completely surrounded by it, and despite numerous Aztec military campaigns against it. Aztec attacks on Tlaxcallan were the among the bloodiest of battles waged by the Aztecs; both early historical sources Diego Muà ±oz Camargo and the Spanish inquisition leader Torquemada reported stories about the defeats that pushed the last Aztec king Montezuma to tears. Despite Cortes admiring remarks, many ethnohistoric documents from the Spanish and Native sources state that the continued independence of the Tlaxcala state was because the Aztecs allowed their independence. Instead, the Aztecs claimed they purposefully used Tlaxcallan as a place to provide military training events for Aztec soldiers and as a source for obtaining sacrificial bodies for imperial rituals, known as the Flowery Wars. There is no doubt that the ongoing battles with the Aztec Triple Alliance were costly to Tlaxcallan, interrupting trade routes and creating havoc. But as Tlaxcallan held its own against the empire, it saw an enormous influx of political dissidents and uprooted families. These refugees included Otomi and Pinome speakers fleeing imperial control and warfare from other polities who fell to the Aztec empire. The immigrants augmented Tlaxcalas military force and were fiercely loyal to their new state. Tlaxcallan Support of the Spanish, or Vice Versa? The main story line about Tlaxcallan is that the Spanish were able to conquer Tenochtitlan only because the Tlaxcaltecas defected from the Aztec hegemony and threw their military support behind them. In a handful of letters back to his king Charles V, Cortes claimed that the Tlaxcaltecas became his vassals, and that they were instrumental in helping him defeat the Spanish. But is that an accurate description of the politics of the Aztec fall? Ross Hassig (1999) argues that the Spanish accounts of the events of their conquest of Tenochtitlan are not necessarily accurate. He argues specifically that Cortes claim that the Tlaxcaltecas were his vassals is disingenous, that in fact they had very real political reasons to support the Spanish. The Fall of an Empire By 1519, Tlaxcallan was the only polity left standing: they were completely surrounded by the Aztecs and saw the Spanish as allies with superior weapons (cannons, harquebuses, crossbows and horsemen). The Tlaxcaltecas could have defeated the Spanish or simply withdrawn when they appeared in Tlaxcallan, but their decision to ally with the Spanish was a savvy political one. Many of the decisions made by Cortessuch as the massacre of the Chololtec rulers and selection of a new noble to be kinghad to have been plans devised by Tlaxcallan. After the death of the last Aztec king, Montezuma (aka Moteuczoma), the remaining true vassal states to the Aztecs made the choice to support them or throw in with the Spanishmost chose to side with the Spanish. Hassig argues that Tenochtitlan fell not as a result of the Spanish superiority, but at the hands of tens of thousands of angry Mesoamericans. Sources This article is a part of the About.com guide to the Aztec Empire, and the Dictionary of Archaeology. Carballo DM, and Pluckhahn T. 2007. Transportation corridors and political evolution in highland Mesoamerica: Settlement analyses incorporating GIS for northern Tlaxcala, Mexico. Journal of Anthropological Archaeology 26:607–629. Fargher LF, Blanton RE, and Espinoza VYH. 2010. Egalitarian ideology and political power in prehispanic central Mexico: the case of Tlaxcallan. Latin American Antiquity 21(3):227-251. Fargher LF, Blanton RE, Heredia Espinoza VY, Millhauser J, Xiuhtecutli N, and Overholtzer L. 2011. Tlaxcallan: the archaeology of an ancient republic in the New World. Antiquity 85(327):172-186. Hassig R. 1999. War, politics and the conquest of Mexico. In: Black J, editor. War in the Early Modern World 1450-1815. London: Routledge. p 207-236. Millhauser JK, Fargher LF, Heredia Espinoza VY, and Blanton RE. 2015. The geopolitics of obsidian supply in Postclassic Tlaxcallan: A portable X-ray fluorescence study. Journal of Archaeological Science 58:133-146.

Urban planning Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Urban planning - Essay Example The meeting starts at 5.00 p.m. From my first impression, the meeting was going on smoothly although there are some changes that could be made to ensure that the meeting is more efficient. The chairman was commendable in his role and ensured that order was maintained throughout the meeting. People respected his calls and he was the final authority in regards to all the matters in regards to the meeting. The members of the public who attended the event had also been informed on the need of order during the meeting. One improvement I would recommend is that the meeting be held on Saturdays instead of during the agenda week. This is because of several factors. People might not want to go home late in the night and therefore the meeting can run late into the night and be adjourned. If the meeting is held on a Saturday afternoon, people will have ample time to go through the meeting and also further time to air their contributions. I was surprised to notice various prominent people in the town at the meeting. One that I did not expect was the mayor, John Lewis, who was also in attendance. Most of the time, he was silent and just took down notes, however, when it to the AOB segment he thanked the commission for assisting him in trying to fulfill his election agenda of a better Gilberts Town that would be the envy of the country. He requested that this cordial relationship continue into the future. His presence there was a sign of the importance of this meeting to the community. Initially, I thought that any attendee of the meeting could speak at the meeting but I realized this was not the case. Anyone who wants to speak at the meeting must fill a speaker card. An individual fills the agenda items he wants to speak on and filing it with the clerk before the actual meeting. There are several guidelines that determine the use of speaker cards: When a designated speaker is called to air their views, the speaker shall use the microphone set for public

Personalized Medicine and Biomarkers (Biomedical Informatics) Research Paper

Personalized Medicine and Biomarkers (Biomedical Informatics) - Research Paper Example Biomedical informatics and health informatics is an interdisciplinary field which integrates different fields such as computer science, biology, medicine and health care. It fosters an effective analysis and management of data for its application in health care. Bernstam et al , [1] defines biomedical informatics as a science of information where data is presented together with meaning in finding solutions to biomedical related problems. This makes the field distinct from related fields such as biomedicine, bioinformatics and computer science. Computers provide the interface between the data which they process and humans interpret the meaning of the data, a task the computers are incapable of carrying out appropriately. This field has gained relevance because of the rise in use of electronic health records and the plethora of data emanating from genomics research, [2]. Because of the growth of the data available to professionals in the healthcare, there has been a change in the patte rn of medical decision making towards the requirement of informatics and information technology platform to assist medics in their decision making. Personalized medicine is a form of medicine that makes use of personal information derived from person’s genes, proteins and environment to assist in disease prevention, diagnosis and treatment, [3]. A biomarker is a variable which can be a gene, protein, or chemical which is altered in disease condition. Biomarkers are classified as prognostic, predictive or therapeutic biomarkers. Prognostic biomarkers try to assess the likely cause of a disease whereas predictive ones assess the probability of whether a patient will benefit from a particular therapy. In the recent times, personalized medicine has been ameliorated by a more improved molecular understanding of disease thereby introducing effective

Fostering a Learning Organisation for Small Community Tabloid Essay

Fostering a Learning Organisation for Small Community Tabloid - Essay Example A new management was installed to carry out company restructure. The takeover management was resolute to achieve a bit more than company survival but to be a source of insight through business leadership. A first concern was whether the paper made a connection with the community, and an organizational assessment was conducted. The appraisal should determine the possibility of a radical turnaround, directing financial sustainability and professional management. Sometime in the 1990s, the newspaper weekly was formed through the convictions of two brothers who were once newspaper boys roaming the city. These days, they are men of political ambitions, and the paper advocates to shape collective expression. The company had undergone a rough evolution typical of small organizations, survived a series of turnovers, low liquidity; high debt and structure transitions from corporate to proprietorship, to the foundation, led activities. From the ownership end, there seemed a constant lack of commitment and a few notable failures. Small organizations form the backbone of the economy. Of a total of 811,592 business organizations, 61,762 are recognized as small enterprises and 743,949 as micro-enterprises. While the segment employs 69.9%, the rather huge amount of resource input equals an economic value of only 32% of GNP. Poor productivity arises out of the lack of business introspect and foresight, insufficient use of technology and poor capital formation. Of the recent four years, the community tabloid operated on a funding of 50 thousand monthly, and a three-term provincial Governor was its principal funder. The medium made up eight pages and was circulated within provincial borders, having a population size of about 320 thousand. Company revenues listed 570,274 covering seven months, with the portion of it uncollected or ‘arranged’ comprising 21%.

Phase 3 Individual Project Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 1

Phase 3 Individual Project - Essay Example The addict exhibits some changes in sleep and appetite patterns, with a loss in weight (Henderson, 2012). The individual deteriorates in physical appearance, and he exhibits a foul body odour. By studying their behavioral attitudes, an addict’s attendance and performance in academic affairs or employment significantly drops. He engages in suspicious behaviors, and has unexplained need for money. He portrays some violent behaviors, and has a sudden change of friends. Psychologically, an addict has a change in attitude and personality. He exhibits tendencies of outbursts of anger, and unnecessary mood swings. He lacks motivation, and is always anxious and fearful. Specifically, the following are the warning systems that a person is abusing marijuana. The individual has some red and glassy eyes. He exhibits some characteristics of unnecessary laughter, which is followed by sleep. A marijuana abuser losses interest, lacks motivation, and experiences some elements of weight loss. People abusing depressant drugs are always sleepy, and they do not have a clear sense of judgment. They are slurred in their speech, and clumsy. Those who abuse Heroin show some signs of contracted pupils, and loss of appetite. They vomit, sweat and cough a lot, with some signs of needle marks. There are numerous symptoms of drug abuse, and just like the warning signs of drug abuse, the symptoms of drug abuse vary. There are also some general symptoms of drug abuse, which are reflected on anyone using these drugs (Pagliaro and Pagliaro, 2012). The general symptoms of a person using drugs are, a change in behavior, for instance of a person was characterized by a sense of calmness, he starts to exhibit some elements of violence. The individual portrays some unexplainable mood swings, with unstable emotional conditions. That is at one time he is jovial, the suddenly he becomes gloomy. He gets unconcerned

Introduction To Tourism In Italy Tourism Essay

Introduction To Tourism In Italy Tourism Essay Italy came into existence in the 9th century BC with Rome as powerful capital. Initially it was consist of Oscan, Umbrains and Latin. It was a huge hub of science, social science and arts. Italy initially was given by Greek settlers. In 2009, the population of Italy has crossed the bar of 60 million. It is the fourth largest populous country in the Europe. And it is the 23rd populous country in world. As far as population density is concerned it has almost 200 persons living in the every square kilometer of Italy. If we go on geographical side then its area is around 301,338 square kilometer. It is divided into 20 administrative regions that includes Abruzzi, Calabria, Campania, Emilia-Remagna, Liguria, Lombardia, Marche, Molise, Piemonte, Puglia, Sardegna, Toscana, Trentino-Alto Adige, Umbria, Giulia, Lazio,Valle dAosta, Veneto, Sicilia, Friuli-Venezia and Basilicata. If we come across the birth rate then it is around 9.78 births per second in 1000 people which is comparatively large History Italy has always been popular amongst tourists. People have been visting it for ages but first visit by tourist can be cited as the aristocrats during the Grand Tour. This started in the late 17th century and kept on growing in the 18th century. Rome was especially popular among early tourists due to its reputation of being the capital of powerful and influential Roman Empire. The city was a major attraction and thousand of tourists visited the city every year. People came from Mediterranean, Northern Africa, mainland Great Britain and part of Middle East. Country was also popular as a trading site and traders and merchants came to Italy from several different parts of the world. Italy can be geographically segregated as follows: Northwest Italy This city is famous for the historic cities such as Turin, which is often known as the manufacturing capital of Italy. City of Milan is also situated here. Milan is famous all over the world for being the fashion and business capital of Italy. This part of Italy also includes the important port of Genoa . Northeast Italy This part is also popular among tourists and has many attractive tourists destinations such as cities of Venice, Verona, Vicenza, Padua, Trento,, Bolzano, Ferrara, Piacenza and a few others. It also boasts of several mountain ranges such as Dolomites, the Carnic and Julian Alps and very popular ski resorts like Cortina dAmpezzo and Madonna di Campiglio. Central Italy This area includes the major tourists attraction and is one of the most visited amongst others.It includes cities such as Florence ,known as the birthplace of the Italian Renaissance and also cities with rich cultural heritages such as Lucca are located here. Southern Italy Naples is the most popular tourist destination in this area. It also includes areas such as Amalfi Coast and Ravello,Apulia and the beaches and sights of Calabria.Though this part of Italy is not that popular as a tourist destination but agritourism is changing the face of tourism rapidly and it is increasingly becoming popular. Sicily This is the largest island in the country and a very popular island amongst tourists. It is famous for its archaeology,seascape and Sicilian cuisine. Sardinia These are large islands containing several popular tourist attractions such as beaches and archaeological ruins. Tourism Destination of Italy Since we are more focused on tourist side then certainly it becomes important to us to include the largest populous cities of Italy which are Rome, Milan, Naples, Turin, Palermo and Genoa. Among other major Italian cities the most populated having more than 250,000 inhabitants are Bologna, Florence, Bari, Catania, Venice and Verona. The national language of Italy is Italian but other regional languages are also spoken on various degrees. We will have different climate from south to north in Italy. We can expect very cold winters and very hot summer with very harsh climate during may. Now there is one more reason why Italy is so famous just because of its famous cuisine like thin and crispy Neapolitan pizza and Sicilian pizza. It is simple and evenly distributed in four to eight integrands. In Italy we use Euro that is equal to 1 US Dollar. In terms of Dinar 1 Euro= 0.33 Kuwait Dinar. Italy has a very higher degree of infrastructure and it is well connected by expressways, national highways, airports and seaports. Overall in Italy we have 136 International Airport and railway system is spread in about 20,000 kilo meters. Virtually all the cities and towns are connected by buses and taxis which moves round the clock. Italy has many charming and unusual towns and historic moments that can be easily tapped in Italy. Italy is one of the modern cities of Europe and it is having secular government. Today nearly one fifth of the population of Italy professes to be either Atheists or Agnostics, while much of the remainder of people in Italy who do profess any religion. Italians are warm, welcoming people who love to relax, celebrate and socialize with family and friends. They usually find reasons for celebrations and relaxation. They have passion for talking and eating. Italians like to socialize outside and they also believe in small gathering. Now a day, in Italy a new emerging business trend is tourism that is having a turnover of around 80 million dollars per year. Italy is the fifth most popular tourist destination of the world .It averages about 46.1 million tourists every year.It is only behind France, USA, China, and Spain in terms of popularity among tourists.Italy is well known for its richness in art, cuisine , history , fashion and culture.Its geography contains long and beautiful coastline and beaches ,huge mountains and monuments. Tourism is a huge contributor in GDP of Italy .It is also one of its fastest growing industrial sector whose profit is in the range of $43 billion. Tourism organizational structure Tourism has become a great economic factor in the growth of a country. It has become all the more important since the exponential rise in leisure mobility. Cultural heritage has become pivotal for the tourists .Museums, churches, historical landscapes, urban parks, and exhibitions attract many visitors and historic-cultural amenities have seen a large wave of tourists. While this boom in the growth of tourists has been a positive impact on the local economy, such mass tourism also brings certain negative elements such as congestion, poor quality of life and local identity crisis. This tourism dilemma is more conspicuous in cities with rich cultural past such Naples etc. Violent crime rates are low in Italy compared to other European countries.Tourists need to be a little careful and use common sense and they should not encounter personal safety risks even in the less affluent neighborhoods of the large cities . There are four types of police forces in Italy:Polizia di Stato, Carabinieri, Guardia di Finanza, Polizia municipale. Their style of dressing varies among the cities but they are easy to spot due to their uniform and marked cars The operating sectors conducting business at the destinations With the population of more than 60 million, millions of tourists visit Italy every year to spend their holidays, enjoy the beaches and the see the sights like leaning tower of Pisa and also to get taste of an Italian lifestyle. As per the Foreign affairs ministry of Italy, this industry explicates more than half of the Italian GDP, also has impact on the employment and development or construction industry. Major attractions: The northwest Italy region, it consists of Italian Riviera, the Portofino and the Cinque Terra. These are the major historic cities of the Italy, the Turin is also called the manufacturing unite of Italy also resides in this part. This part also includes Milan, which is the famous business and fashion destination of the world. The other major attractions include landscapes of Lake Como area. The other major destinations include the Lazio and the Abruzzo city of central Italy. The Apulia and the Calabria city in southern Italy and the Sicily and the Sardinia Island around the southern Italy. Business Destinations The major destination of Italy is Milan, also called the fashion and business destination of the world. The other major business destination is Turin, which is the also known as the manufacturing city of Italy. Business Travel There all types of business travel are present in Italy, you can reach Italy through air, and all major flights come to Italy. You can choose variety of services offered by the airlines companies as per the business. There is also train route offered by inter-countries of Europe. So there of travel opportunities present to reach Italy. Lodes/Accommodations All the major international brand restaurants and hotels are present in the major touristà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s destinations. You will find all types of accommodations like luxurious hotels, rented apartments and lodes. All kinds of accommodations are present as per the financial need. The Italian people are also known for its hospitality so ample opportunities of accommodation available at major tourist spots. Future for the destinations and the benefits to each community There is huge impact of tourism in the GDP of the Italy, as per the Ministry of Foreign Affairs half of the GDP of Italy is comes from tourism industry. The impacts of tourism on various sectors are given below: The tourism industry of Italy has a lot of impact on the educating the peoples as these provide likelihood to lot of peoples in the form of tour operators. So tourism also plays an important role in educating local people to get advantage from this industry. Due the tourism there is lot of developments happening day by day in the real estate, to get all modern equipmentà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s available for the tourists like world class restaurants and accommodations. Tourism has also created ample employment opportunities for the people residing near the major tourist destinations like in the form of guides, hospitality and etc. So in the near future due to major developments and role of government in protecting the historic buildings of the country would lead to further development of tourism industry. So it is going to reach bigger height in the near future. Problems Created by Customers/Tourists in Italy Being one of most desired tourist destinations in the world, Italy has to face a number of problems related to the tourism. Tourism is not always favorable when various other aspects of it, is also included. There are some significant problems which emerge due to the tourism. Mentioned below, are some of major problems at different tourist destinations of Italy, caused by he customers and tourists: Problem of vandalism and over-crowding in Rome Rome is famous for its rich architectural heritage. But due increased tourism the problem of vandalism has increased. Some of important and beautiful monuments are tampered and disfigured by some notorious tourists. Rome being the capital of Italy welcomes a huge number of tourists every year. The major problem faced by Rome is over-crowding. There places have become very crowded which has also resulted in the problem of heavy traffic. Problem of pollution in Venice The city of Venice faces lots of problems due to the excessive tourism. The flooding of the canals and lagoons with the polluted water is an alarming problem. Due to increased number people, sewage system is severely affected, with in turn pollutes the canals and lagoons. The tourists who come to attend concerts or expos cause heavy littering. Increased number of vehicles results in parking problem. Problem of inflated prices in Sicily Famous for its beautiful countryside and well preserved towns Sicily is affected economically by the increasing tourism. The prices of basic commodities and products have increased due to external influence which is a negative outcome for local residents and students unrelated to tourism business. Increase in the land pollution and congestion of narrow roads are some other problem created by the tourists. Problem of increased wastes in Naples The incoming tourists produce a lot of additional waste which has increased the environmental pollution in Naples. Increased garbage, polluted air and water bodies are some problem aroused by tourists. Solutions to the Problems at Tourist Destinations Tourism industry is an important contributor to the GDP of Italy. The problems caused by the tourists must be dealt with a proper manner without any negative impact on tourism. Mentioned below, are some of the solutions to the highlighted problems mentioned above: Problem of vandalism Solution: Installing close circuit cameras near the monuments to catch perpetrators, increasing number of guards to secure the area, making more severe laws regarding vandalism. Problem to overcrowding and traffic Solution: Put time restrictions on the tourists from outside countries for entrance in major cities like Rome, Venice, and Naples. Use of public transportation should be made mandatory for the tourists. The private transportation vehicle must only be issued in group to decrease the number of vehicles on road. Problem of heavy littering Solution: Ban the use of any substance that causes littering, inside a concert or expo. Create proper garbage collecting site near centers of concerts and expos. Increase fine for littering. Appoint extra man power to stop such notorious tourists. Problem of pollution of water bodies Solution: Improvement of sewage system of major cities, structuring it to handle the sewage generated by the population double the size. Create accommodation for the tourists at the edge of the cities. Create sewage treatment plants large enough to handle increased inflow of sewage. Summary Italy has a rich cultural heritage and it is a heaven for the tourists who love art. The beautiful mountains, lakes and landscapes make it a perfect place for the tourists to spend their vacations. The accommodation facilities are very good and affordable. The transportation system is favorable for the tourists, connecting all the major tourist destinations together. The crime rates are low which makes it a safer place for the tourists. The Grand Tour Italy is a very nice facility which allows tourists to visit and enjoy popular destination of Italy in a cost effective way. The cultural and political environment is favorable to the tourists from different countries all over the world. The flourishing tourism has made Italy to pay some external cost too. The residents are fleeing away from the island due to excessive inflow of tourist. The tourism industry has also replaced some small but significant economic sectors. Conclusion Italy is among the top tourist destinations of the world and the tourism industry is an important part of nationà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy. The recent economic crisis has indeed slowed down the inflow of tourist, but the tourism industry is still flourishing in Italy. It has made a good recovery from the recent worldwide economic slowdown. Italy also faces the problem of excessive tourism, which has made some negative impacts. The major cities of Italy have been facing the problem of overcrowding and the pollution of all sorts. The problem of heavy traffic, congestion of urban areas, and increase in amount of wastes is rising at an alarming rate. The historical monuments and places are being highly exploited, which can lead to their degradation in coming years. The cultural influence by the outside tourists has diluted the culture of the region and the history is being distorted. But the tourism department of Italy has gone to great lengths to facilitate its tourists. They are disco vering new historical places for the art loving tourists. Although they are among the best in the world, they still need to make some changes and take some innovative steps for the sustainable development of tourism industry. Recommendation Apart from giving a boost to the economy, tourism industry of Italy has also had some negative impact. This study has highlighted some significant setbacks of excessive tourism. The government should create a proper channel to pool back the profit generated form tourism. The funding for the maintenance of important monuments must be increased. Some of structures are in fragile condition which needs special care. The inflow of tourists must be kept in check to minimize the problem of congestion and overcrowding in major cities. The tourists can be provided with an e-card to enter major tourist destination and should be charged for the same. This way the government can electronically monitor and control the flow of tourists. Through the use of latest information communication technology tools, the tourism department can create a central base for handling all the tourism activities. The development of a central base to guide the tourists and provide them help through phones and computer s can prove to be very beneficial for the Italian tourism department. Comparison between Italy and Spain The Spaniards and Italians peoples can be said as culturally similar countries, their way of approaching and greeting each other is also very similar. But both countries have lot of differences in terms of political, economic and historical we will compare both these countries in these grounds. The Spain is a political entity since form centuries may be starting of 1400 century and it had a well-established colonial empire. The Italy has got just republic and was not a colonial empire. Due to this Spaniards are having senses of Solemnity as compared to Italians on this ground. So they are probably more self-control as compared to Italians. From economic point of view both Spain and Italy are always associated with struggling investment conditions sometimes even threat of having bankrupt. On comparison Italian economy is stronger and prosperous than Spainà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s economy. In terms of tourism industry, it is only relevant income generating business activity of Spain. Tourism is also a major portion of GDP for Italy but it have also major industries like fashion industry etc. which are major players. On the basis of tourists come, in Spain tourist are mainly came for spending vacations and holidays. But in Italy people mainly come to experience the lifestyle and architectures of the ancient monuments.