The Lanval By Marie De France - 1549 Words

The Breton lai â€Å"Lanval†, written by Marie de France in the twelfth century, is a short romantic poem focused on a foreign knight, Lanval, and his life after meeting a faerie lover. The poem is set in the time of King Arthur, at a place named Carduel—a city in the along the borders of Arthur’s kingdom, Logres. In â€Å"Lanval† failure is a negative situation brought upon oneself by their inability to maintain their virtue, thus success in the Middle Ages was heavily influenced by loyalty and integrity. Within â€Å"Lanval†, failure always ensues after a character breaks a promise or lies to another person, whether doing so is intentional or not. When this situation occurs, the characters are not directly considered failures by others, but instead failure arises from the circumstances of their situation. This can be seen when Lanval simultaneously breaks his promise and insults the Queen: I alone love A lady who’d win the prize Over all women I’ve known of And I’ll tell you this, without disguise Just because you need to know Her serving maids, a poor or low One, even, the poorest in her train, Is better than you are, Lady Queen: In beauty of body and of face, In goodness and in well-bred grace. (Marie 294-303) Not only does this outburst cause Lanval to lose his lover, but now, he must also prove to King Arthur that he did not insult his honor by demeaning the Queen during his fit of rage. If Lanval had not acted this way, he still could have been a successful knight, yet theShow MoreRelatedLanval Vs Marie De France991 Words   |  4 PagesThe Qur’an and Marie de France agree on the importance of leading a good life. Islamic beliefs, as stated in the Qur’an, argue that the good life is found by believing in the one God, following him and the Qur’an, and by doing good works. However, Marie de France thinks that the good life is achieved by following true love. Although they have different views of the good life, their writings agree that living the good life should be pursued. Marie de France is concerned with living the good lifeRead MoreAnalysis Of The Poem Lanval By Marie De France1273 Words   |  6 PagesIn Marie De France’s poem â€Å"Lanval†, the knight Lanval faces immense cultural pressure to get married and have a male heir, as it is the norm in King Arthur’s kingdom. It may appear that â€Å"Lanval† is supporting the concept of the institution of marriage, as the story had a heavy focus on marriage, and the court nearly punished Lanval for rejecting Guinevere. On the surface, the poem could easily mislead the reader to believe this is the case, but without further analysis, the reader may miss the courtingRead MoreSummary Of The Twelfth Century By Marie De France s Lanval1524 Words   |  7 Pagesman has to save the day or else he is not a man. In Marie de France’s Lanval, written in the twelfth century, the witty lai satirically challenges the stereotypical roles of women. Evidently, every story does no t contend male dominance. Also the other characters do not live up to their expectations either; falling short of their glory. The women in the story are given important roles, and gender roles and position roles are interchanged. Lanval portrays the best man in King Arthur’s court, possessingRead MoreMarie De France Composed A Works Of The French Aquitanian And Champagnian Troubadours1404 Words   |  6 Pagespopular amongst the literature of the aristocracy, writers such as, Andreas Capellanus wrote of the stages and rules of courtly love. Inspired by this movement in the culture and literature of court, the poet Marie de France composed a collection of romantic lays. In the â€Å"Breton Lays†, Marie presents her narratives as a guide for courtly lovers. For, each lay exhibits the problems, consequences, and rewards that can occur if a lady or knight does/or does not follow the three principles of fin amourRead More Romantic Love in Marie de France’s Poem, Lanval Essay655 Words   |  3 PagesRomantic Love in Marie de France’s Poem, Lanval In her poem Lanval, Marie de France shares a fantasy with her readers, telling the tale of a mysterious woman who journeys from a distant land to be with Lanval, a dishonored knight of King Arthurs Round Table. Maries portrayal sets Lanvals mistress apart from the maidens and ladies in waiting at King Arthurs court, as she eclipses even Queen Guenever. Much like an editor of a modern womans fashion magazine, Marie targets her audience ofRead MoreEssay on Lanval and Yonec1687 Words   |  7 Pagesa certain motif of the story, or symbolize the author’s or society’s mindset. The representation of the body becomes significant for the story. In the representation of their body in the works of Marie de France’s lais â€Å"Lanval† and â€Å"Yonec,† the body is represented in opposing views. In â€Å"Lanval,† France clearly emphasizes the pure beauty of the body and the power the ideal beauty holds, which Lanval’s Fairy Queen portrays. In Fr ance’s â€Å"Yonec,† she diverts the reader’s attention from the image of theRead MoreSir Gawain And The Green Knight Essay1541 Words   |  7 PagesLiterature during the medieval period is where magic and the supernatural are constantly present: in otherworldly encounters such as when the knight Lanval meets the lady who becomes his love, in the strange adventures experienced by knights on quests as Sir Gawain does, and in mystical objects such as the green girdle given to Sir Gawain by Lady Bertilak. Without the magic and otherworldly circumstances that exist in these stories, none of them would have been interesting and they probably wouldn’tRead MoreCourtly And Secular Love Analysis1159 Words   |  5 PagesThroughout history, love has been portrayed in numerous perspectives ranging from physical to emotional love. Literary works from various backgrounds provide distinctive interpretations of love. Marie de France along with medieval lyric poets tou ch upon topics revolving around love and spiritual affection. The pieces provide different treatments on courtly and secular love, illustrating the comparison between the physical and emotional aspect as well. Courtly love draws from the characteristics ofRead MoreAnne De France : The Tradition Of Chivalry, Use Of Power, And The Art Of Courtly Love1484 Words   |  6 Pageswere at least three principle concepts that were guidelines for writers: the tradition of chivalry, use of power, and the art of courtly love. In her lais, or lyrical narrative, Marie de France uses all three of them, but not exactly in the traditional sense that men of her time favored. Through her writings, Marie de France has shown great focus on members of the aristocracy that were not as prominently acknowledged, which included both women and single knights, and portrayed characters that she observedRead MoreAspects Of The Arthurian Romance In Sir Gawain And The Green Knight1335 Words   |  6 Pagesthe mor al authority as well as it explicated the social order which left a lot to be desired of the position of feminism in the society. Marie de France perhaps the only female write of her time has quite a number of Arthurian tales to her name up to including Equitan, Le Fresne, Bisclavret, Larval, Yonec, Laustic, Chaitivel and Chevrefoil. Her two works, Lanval and Cheverefoil, which elicit the position of feminism when juxtaposed with Sir Gawain and the green knight, transform the perception of

Bio-cosmetics in the 20th Century The Response to the Revolution Free Essays

In this rapidly-changing environment, one has to keep phase with the developments in the patterns of consumer purchasing behavior, currently of varying degrees and categories, especially if one is in the field of marketing. The tastes and preferences of the consumers, which we also aptly call as the market demand, is what fuels marketing.   The capacity of a company or a firm to determine early-on the demand of the market of responsibility is of an advantage. We will write a custom essay sample on Bio-cosmetics in the 20th Century: The Response to the Revolution or any similar topic only for you Order Now    At the same time, meeting this specific demand will complete the formula to success; otherwise, the extensive marketing research will all be put to waste. Change is everything especially when the universe entered the stage of globalization, where markets across regions face issues of product customization or adaptations according to the needs of the target segments.   Exploring further unto this topic will be the main core of this paper which will particularly tackle the status and the progress made by the Bio-cosmetics industry in the 20th century, and how the market has reacted or is reacting to it. The subject of discussion will delve into the evolution of this trade or field of commerce and what has been the efforts conducted by the involved companies in strengthening their core competencies for survival and competitiveness. As previously mentioned, the behavior of the target market will be analyzed thoroughly in this paper by demonstrating the qualitative and quantitative aspects of the factors at play.   In so doing, it is aimed that the stability of the bio-cosmetics industry be determined and that the prospects for future possible ventures be identified.   This consumer behavior study will enable the marketers to garner feedback on this side of the cosmetics industry and leverage on the potential of the business, vis-à  -vis the key market segments with strong demand for the bio-cosmetics line of products and services. Theory and Practices of Negotiation Definition When you hear the word negotiation, what comes first to mind?   Negotiation is almost always an everyday transaction being dealt with by each and every one of us.   Indeed, how often do you negotiate – often, seldom, or never? Everything in life is negotiated, under all conditions, at all times: from asking your parents to bring you to the shopping malls to take out the morning garbage to driving in the express lane in rush-hour traffic, from determining what time to schedule an appointment with a client to deciding which tv show to watch with your family—to some extent, every facet of life is linked with one’s using of negotiation. Negotiation occurs â€Å"whenever people exchange ideas with the intention of changing relationships or whenever they confer for agreement.†Ã‚   Another definition expanding slightly the above meaning of negotiation is to note that â€Å"negotiation is conducted neither to widen nor to breach the relationship, but to form a new or different configuration.†Ã‚  Ã‚   In short, most of us are constantly involved in negotiations to one degree or another for a good part of any given day. Negotiation should be considered as a positive way of structuring the communication process. It is usually more than helpful in one’s work environment and in closing deals with new clients or prospects.   Win-win negotiation skills are assets to a company especially if you will be in-charge of marketing new and pioneer products to the market. Effective negotiation helps you to resolve situations where what you want conflicts with what someone else wants. The aim of win-win negotiation is to find a solution that is acceptable to both parties, and leaves both parties feeling that they’ve won, in some way, after the event. Preparing for a successful negotiation†¦ Depending on the scale of the disagreement, some preparation may be appropriate for conducting a successful negotiation.   For small disagreements, excessive preparation can be counter-productive because it takes time that is better used elsewhere. It can also be seen as manipulative because, just as it strengthens your position, it can weaken the other person’s. However, if you need to resolve a major disagreement, and then make sure you prepare thoroughly. Using our free worksheet, think through the following points before you start negotiating: Goals: what do you want to get out of the negotiation? What do you think the other person wants? Trades: What do you and the other person have that you can trade? What do you each have that the other wants? What are you each comfortable giving away? Alternatives: if you don’t reach agreement with the other person, what alternatives do you have? Are these good or bad? How much does it matter if you do not reach agreement? Does failure to reach an agreement cut you out of future opportunities? And what alternatives might the other person have? Relationships: what is the history of the relationship? Could or should this history impact the negotiation? Will there be any hidden issues that may influence the negotiation? How will you handle these? Expected outcomes: what outcome will people be expecting from this negotiation? What has the outcome been in the past, and what precedents have been set? The consequences: what are the consequences for you of winning or losing this negotiation? What are the consequences for the other person? Power: who has what power in the relationship? Who controls resources? Who stands to lose the most if agreement isn’t reached? What power does the other person have to deliver what you hope for? Possible solutions: based on all of the considerations, what possible compromises might there be? Negotiating successfully†¦ The negotiation itself is a careful exploration of your position and the other person’s position, with the goal of finding a mutually acceptable compromise that gives you both as much of what you want as possible. People’s positions are rarely as fundamentally opposed as they may initially appear – the other person may have very different goals from the ones you expect! In an ideal situation, you will find that the other person wants what you are prepared to trade, and that you are prepared to give what the other person wants. If this is not the case and one person must give way, then it is fair for this person to try to negotiate some form of compensation for doing so – the scale of this compensation will often depend on the many of the factors we discussed above. Ultimately, both sides should feel comfortable with the final solution if the agreement is to be considered win-win. Only consider win-lose negotiation if you don’t need to have an ongoing relationship with the other party as, having lost, they are unlikely to want to work with you again. Equally, you should expect that if they need to fulfill some part of a deal in which you have â€Å"won,† they may be uncooperative and legalistic about the way they do this. Facets of Negotiation Negotiation is a peaceable procedure for reconciling, and/or compromising known differences. It is the antithesis of force and violence. A negotiation will be fruitful or completely meaningless, depending upon the existence of two essential elements. There are other less important elements, but two are absolutely essential – Good faith and flexibility.   Both must be present on both sides of the table—one without the other on either side is a fatal defect. Good faith and flexibility cover many facets. By good faith is meant an honest desire to reach agreement on the differences which exist through compromise and a realization that the agreement thus reached should be fair and reasonable for both sides, if the agreement is to endure.   A negotiation must not be viewed as an adversary proceeding, such as a case in court, where one party wins and the other loses. The existence or non-existence of good faith is sometimes difficult to determine with assurance, but there will come a time when a good negotiator will be able to tell if this essential element is missing.   The second essential element of flexibility is the heart of a negotiation. In every negotiation it must be assumed—unless you are dealing with juveniles—that your opposite numbers will always table maximum positions first. Equally important, it must be assumed—unless you are dealing with fools—that your opposite numbers have not disclosed their minimum positions in any manner. The challenge to the able negotiator, therefore, is to start with the tabled maximum positions and by skillfully using all of the tools in his kit, reach the essence or basic minimum positions upon which an agreement can and should be concluded. If a negotiator is unable to obtain any concessions whatsoever from the tabled positions, then either the element of flexibility is missing or the negotiator is inept, in which event you find yourself with no negotiation at all. As in the case of good faith, it may be difficult and time consuming to convince yourself that what you are facing is a set of non-negotiable demands, but here again a good negotiator will see the handwriting on the wall and eventually realize just the situation he is in.   The crucial and delicate decision to be made by the negotiator is—are his opponents still negotiating for advantage or is their position truly flexible, as it appears to be? Thus, it is somewhat naà ¯ve to take the position that you will not negotiate on known differences until the other side has given assurances, satisfactory to you, and prior to the negotiations, that the negotiable positions are such that an agreement can be reached. If the negotiator eventually concludes that these essential elements do not exist, he must proceed to make the record clear for all to see and suspend the so-called negotiations, in a manner which unmistakably places the onus on the non-negotiating party. Processes of Negotiation In simplest terms, negotiation is a discussion between two or more disputants who are trying to work out a solution to their problem.   Negotiations typically take place because the parties wish to create something new that neither could do on his or her own, or to resolve a problem or dispute between them.   The parties acknowledge that there is some conflict of interest between them and think they can use some form of influence to get a better deal, rather than simply taking what the other side will voluntarily give them. How to cite Bio-cosmetics in the 20th Century: The Response to the Revolution, Papers

Clytemnestra S Role In Agamemnon Essay Research free essay sample

Clytemnestra S Role In Agamemnon. Essay, Research Paper Clytemnestra s function in Agamemnon. Agamemnon is a great Grecian calamity drama. It s a narrative of the Trojan War, which lasted for 10 old ages and greatly influenced the hereafter. As true for any war, non merely the work forces took portion in it. Most of the adult females were someway involved but each one from a different facet of the war. Each adult female brought her ain alone position. Troy adult females such as Andromache, Briseis, Cassandra, Creusa and more got to see the war first-hand. Others like Clytemnestra, Deidameia, Laodamia, and Penelope waited in distant lands for the war to stop, and some adult females took a more active stance in the war by exerting blades and contending. Penthesilea and the Amazons were the two adult females who participated in conflict. The Trojan War turned lives upside down and created a huge array of myths. The Trojan War affected many adult females. None were affected more than Clytemnestra. Clytemnestra was the girl of Tyndareus and Leda and hence was Helen # 8217 ; s half sister. Her male parent betrothed her to Tantalus while she was still a virgin. Because Tantalus was the boy of Thyestes who was the male monarch of Mycenae, Clytemnestra automatically became a queen. Soon after their matrimony she gave birth to a boy, named Tantalus. After the birth of their kid, Tantalus and his neonate were killed by Agamemnon who besides obtained Clytemnestra as belongings from the adult male whom he merely defeated. This was the first existent large calamity in Clytemnestra s life caused by Agamemnon. After the decease of her boy and hubby she saw Agamemnon go male monarch. She had three kids with Agamemnon, Iphigenia, Electra and Orestes. When the war began, Agamemnon sacrificed Iphinia to Artemis so he could travel to contend at Troy. After the forfeit of her girl, Clytemnestra was devastated and was ferocious with her hubby s determination. While Agamemnon was contending at Troy, Aegithus wooed Clytemnestra who succumbed to his progresss. Harmonizing to the myth, she was destined to be an fornicatress from her childhood. When her male parent neglected a really of import forfeit to Aphrodite before in his life, she placed a expletive on their household and said that all of his girls would be fornicatresss. Clytemnestra bore Aegisthus a girl, Erigone. She was still infuriated with Agamemnon for giving her girl and began to compose programs to seek to kill him. When Agamemnon returned place with his freshly won award Cassandra, Clytemnestra and Aegisthus murdered them both. Some believe that Agamemnon was killed because he brought over Cassandra as a courtesan but I believe that the slaying was planned before the information that Agamemnon was conveying anyone back. Their offense did non travel unpunished. When Agamemnon s boy Orestes reached maturity, he returned and killed both, his female parent and her lover. Clytemnestra begged for her life but to no help, she was murdered in the same manner she murdered her hubby. I think that she played a immense portion in the drama. He actions caused many deceases and much more grief to people across the land. She murdered a male monarch in her hubby, a wholly guiltless adult female who she thought was being brought as a courtesan in Cassandra and paid with her life for her actions. She is in many respects a sympathetic character, but her entanglement contaminations the righteousness of her offense with Aegisthus. Even so, it is clear that Agamemnon’s decease had to be avenged. Clytemnestra is a extremely controversial character in mythology. While it is true that she committed criminal conversation, which can be blamed on Aphrodite # 8217 ; s expletive. It is besides true that she killed her hubby, though that, excessively, can be blamed on the fact Agamemnon killed her girl with Tantalus and sacrificed their girl so he could travel fight in the war. He besides brought back with Cassandra who was to be his courtesan. It is harder to accommodate Clytemnestra # 8217 ; s blessing of the program to slay her boy, Orestes, because she had protested the forfeit of Iphigenia so vehemently, but I think that she knew that he would come after her to revenge his male parent s decease. Some people say that in all respects Clytemnestra was a victim, non merely of her insensitive hubby and her scheming lover, but besides her ain hurt amour propre and self-pride. As the drama goes on the chorus and other characters see her in really negative footings and in my sentiment her actions do non turn out them incorrect. Even though she says that she is killing Agamemnon because he killed her girl and gave another one off to travel to war, she is burying that she besides murdered a wholly guiltless adult female in Cassandra. Even if Cassandra was non murdered so her actions could hold been more justified. By first killing Clytemnestra # 8217 ; s and Tantalus girl Agamemnon should of known that there would be retaliation from either Tantalus household or from his married woman. Nothing in Greek mythology goes unpunished, particularly non slay. Clytemnestra should hold realized that when be aftering to kill one of the most powerful work forces in the land. Its understandably how disquieted she was by the decease of her girl and how much she wanted to pay back Agamemnon but I don t think that slaying him and his kept woman was the right solution. All s he did with her actions is dug her ain grave and caused great heartache to a batch of people all across the land. This is one of the earliest instances where a really celebrated stating of Two wrongs do non do a right is really true. Another manner to seek to warrant her actions is her engagement with Aegisthus. While be aftering for the slaying of her hubby Clytemnestra said that one of the grounds she was making it, was because he was conveying place a kept woman. I think that she is burying that she had done something merely as bad. How can she anticipate to be forgiven for her cheating because of a expletive? I am a house truster in superstitious notion and in future relation but she blames all her problems on the expletive of Aphrodite. I think that this is a pathetic accusal to do. There were a batch of expletives in the drama, which did come true, but most of them were non by the pick of the individual. She was in entire control of the state of affairs and still made the pick to perpetrate criminal conversation. This pick would finally be her dearly. I think that most of the sentiments on Clytemnestra are right and she decidedly was at mistake for a batch of things in her life including her ain decease.